Cold Climate Corrosion: Special Topics

Harry; Divine Lyle Byars

NACE International

H2S Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production--A Compilation of Classic Papers

Engineering & Transportation

Engineering

This truly practical manual is the much-awaited follow-up to "A Practical Manual on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion", first released by NACE International in 1993. A perfect companion to the first edition, Volume 2 uses the same format while providing new material and current develop-ments with an international influence. Some of the topics covered include: the role microorganisms play in corrosion reactions, the occurrence of MIC in varying industries, advice on how to identify whether or not corrosion problems are related to MIC, and MIC treatment and prevention tips. The topics listed above are illustrated through numerous charts, graphs, and photographs. Each chapter is authored by a recognized expert in the field of MIC.

A Practical Manual on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Volume 2

The book's chapters cover the following Copper alloys (composition and properties) Film formation and properties General corrosion Various types of localized corrosion, such as pitting, erosion corrosion, dealloying, and corrosion fatigue Galvanic corrosion Specific environments, including underground corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, and corrosion in waters corrosion of soldered, brazed, and welded joints This book is packed with more than 100 photos, along with numerous tables and graphs. It will appeal to engineers who need or want to use copper alloys and need data on the potential corrosion problems and, specifically, how to avoid them.

The Corrosion of Copper and its Alloys

Francis, Roger

Revised and Expanded Second EditionProvides a detailed step by step procedure for onshore cathodic protection tests including:• Rectifier inspections and troubleshooting• Structure-to-electrolyte (pipe-to-soil) potential measurements• Direct current measurement• Diagnostic testing (troubleshooting cathodic protection systems)• Adjustive surveys• Commissioning of cathodic protection systems• Close interval potential surveys• DC stray current testing• Electrical isolation tests• Road casing isolation testing• AC hazardous voltages on pipelines• Soil resistivity measurementsEach of these test procedures were prepared as modules that can be used independent of each other.

Cathodic Protection Survey Procedures, Second Edition

Brian Holtsbaum

The Crude Unit Corrosion Guide was written for plant operators, process engineers, metallurgists, maintenance engineers, inspectors, and all others who deal daily with corrosion and fouling issues. In the past, most refineries also employed corrosion engineers. That position has all but disappeared as the experienced practitioners moved on, retired, or were replaced by engineering contractors, equipment builders, and process additives suppliers.
Like the earlier editions of the Guide, this revised 3rd Edition is based primarily on the experience of the author, Joerg Gutzeit, M.S.ChemEng, in dealing with all aspects of corrosion and fouling in crude units. The Guide also reflects the Industry’s consensus experiences reported at past meetings of the NACE STG34 Committee on Petroleum Refining and Gas Processing (formerly T8 Committee on Refining Industry Corrosion) and the API Subcommittee on Corrosion and Materials. Diluent recovery units (DRUs) and vacuum distillation units (VDUs) of bitumen upgraders are quite similar to crude units with similar corrosion and fouling issues and are now included in the discussions where appropriate. In addition to corrosion and fouling issues with the usual 3 or 4 crude types, the Guide now covers various bitumen-derived crudes, including synthetic crude, dilbit crude, synbit crude, and shale crude all of which have come to market in recent years.
In many ways, refinery corrosion and fouling control remained more “art than science.” Despite college-level courses in corrosion and materials science and ongoing efforts by NACE, API, and ASM, few resources for practical training on plant corrosion and fouling control are available. In recent years, process simulation (PS) and risk-based inspection management (RBIM) software has been very helpful for identifying and ranking critical components on which to concentrate future inspection and maintenance efforts. However, a certain amount of expertise is still required to facilitate reliable data input and assessment. The Guide attempts to present in compact form what the author considers the most important aspects of corrosion and fouling control in the atmospheric and vacuum sections of crude units and the corresponding sections in bitumen upgraders. Various chapters deal with general corrosion characteristics of different feedstocks; materials of construction (metallurgy); corrosion and fouling monitoring; feedstock preparation by tank settling, desalting, and caustic injection; and the types of damage seen in major components. Other chapters cover specific topics, including preheat exchanger fouling; high-temperature corrosion and fouling by organic sulfur compounds and naphthenic acids in fired heaters, transfer lines, and distillation columns; low-temperature corrosion and fouling by inorganic chlorides in the top of columns and in overhead systems; organic chloride problems; and various issues with neutralizer, corrosion inhibitor, and water injection systems.

Crude Unit Corrosion Guide: A Manual for Plant Operators, Process Engineers, Metallurgists, Maintenance Engineers, Inspectors, and Equipment Specialists

Gutzeit, Joerg

The book begins with a review of coating fundamentals, including the evolution of coating technology and the principles for coating formulation. Guidelines for coating design, selection, and application are presented. The structure of a coating system and the high-performance coating's essential properties and characteristics are covered in detail. Some standard testing methods for determining and evaluating coating properties are included.Coatings used in the oil/gas pipeline industry are then covered. Generally, pipeline coatings are divided into two categories (plant-applied and field-applied coatings). The authors describe primary coatings in both categories such as coal tar, asphalt, PE, liquid epoxy, FBE, and high-performance composite coating (HPCC), as well as field-applied liquid coatings (i.e., tape coatings, shrink sleeve, wax, mastics and many others) in terms of their structures, properties, products, and applications.Coating failures encountered on pipelines in the field are reviewed, including an analysis of its effect on pipeline integrity. Both permeable coatings and impermeable coatings receive particular attention, and their interactions with CP are discussed. The shielding effect of coating failures under a variety of scenarios is included to provide an understanding of this industry-important problem. The tests and results described in this chapter come from the authors' research activities. This first-hand information provides recommendations to the industry for avoiding incompatibility between pipeline coating candidates and CP.Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a primary mechanism resulting in pipeline failure. It has been acknowledged that SCC occurrence is subject to coating failures. The authors focus on mechanistic aspects of the essential role of coating failures in pipeline SCC, including its initiation and propagation. Both near-neutral pH and high-pH SCC on pipelines are introduced, and correlations between the type and properties of coatings and their failure mechanisms are established. Discussions detail the development of solution chemistry and electrochemistry under disbonded coating to support SCC. Techniques for characterizing coating properties and testing coating performance in the field and research laboratory are also covered. The discussion provides insights essential to a complete testing and evaluation program for pipeline coating candidates, and for predicting long-term coating performance. Depending on an individual technique's capability and actual coating property needs, one can choose a testing method from convenient, simple inspection tools to complex, research-oriented equipment.Various coating application techniques are introduced and discussed, covering many important issues required for understanding what is necessary when a coating is applied to metal substrate, including pipelines. The content is based on realistic experiences.Finally, industrial experience with inspection and management of pipeline coatings is included. Inspections have been integral to the PIM (pipeline integrity management) program and ensure the integrity and safety of pipeline systems.

Pipeline Coatings

Science & Math

Cheng, Y. Frank

Norsworthy, Richard

Technology

NEW EDITION!! For nearly 50 years Control of Pipeline Corrosion, written by A.W. Peabody, has been the most trusted resource in the field of pipeline corrosion. Now completely revised and updated, the third edition of this classic reference continues the tradition of excellence by providing the most thorough and authoritative coverage of the prevention and control of pipeline corrosion, and now includes a chapter on AC interference. Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion, Third Edition, edited by Ronald Bianchetti, blends traditional corrosion engineering practices with modern technologies to make this the single source for corrosion control. Chapters have updated information and graphics to expand on the user-friendly nature of the original book.

PEABODY'S CONTROL OF PIPELINE...

A.W. Peabody, edited by Ronald Bianchetti

Forms of Corrosion-Recognition and Prevention is a deep and broad compendium of the theory and practice of corrosion engineering.This Second Edition of the classic handbook combines Volomes 1 and 2 of the First Edition into a single volume, adding updated commentary and many new case histories. Mechanisms and numerous case histories illustrate general, localized and galvanic corrosion, environmental cracking, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, fretting, intergranular attack, dealloying, and high-temperature corrosion.This book presents detailed corrosion mechanisms and case histories of a wide variety of corrosion problems from chemical plants, oil production and refining, utilities, pipelines, transport by air, land, and sea, electronics, and the preservation of historical artifacts. The uses of advanced analytical techniques such as electron microscopy, metallography, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Aüger spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques are presented to illustrate their utility in corrosion failure investigations.The purpose of this handbook is to introduce the reader to the eight forms of corrosion and illustrate the forms' macro- and microappearances as they occur in conventional engineering metals and alloys. Diagrams are occasionally employed to illustrate mechanisms, but photographs and photomicrographs are employed whenever possible, together with case histories, to aid understanding of the situations discussed and the means taken to ameliorate them.The eight forms of corrosion overlap to some extent. For example, dealloying (sometimes called "parting corrosion" in older texts) may follow a uniform mode (e.g., layer-type dezincification) or may be highly localized (e.g., plug-type dezincification). Galvanic or "two-metal" corrosion may manifest itself either as general or uniform corrosion or as localized attack, depending on the geometry and conductivity in a specific situation. One type of corrosion may mitigate another, as when the erosion-corrosion of heat exchanger tubes at the inlet end is diminished by the galvanic influence of a water box.Users will find the Forms of Corrosion-Recognition and Prevention, Second Edition to be an exceptionally deep and broad reference work useful for not only diagnosing corrosion failures but applying the measures necessary to prevent recurrence.

Forms of Corrosion: Recognition and Prevention, Second Edition

McIntyre, Dale

This book provides general coverage of the wide field of corrosion control. It is designed to help readers being initiated into corrosion work and presents each corrosion process or control procedure in the most basic terms. Since the first edition was published in 1970, there have been major advances and changes in the technologies used to combat corrosion damage.
The best techniques available for detecting corrosion, determining the corrosion resistance of a material, or evaluating the efficacy of a control procedure serve as daily tools for attacking the problems faced by thousands of persons engaged in corrosion work. This book will foster a better appreciation for these procedures.
As with the first and second editions of "Corrosion Basics: An Introduction," this third edition, also authored by Pierre R. Roberge, is intended to convey the scope of the field of corrosion prevention and control. It is important to realize the extent of the effort being made today in analyzing and combating corrosion. Much of the experience and many of the workable solutions developed in one area of corrosion work can be used to improve the control procedures of another area. While most people work in only one area of this total discipline, there is always the possibility that a shift in responsibilities or interest brings one to work in a completely different area of corrosion prevention and control.

Corrosion Basics: An Introduction

Roberge, Pierre R.

Physics

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