The book's chapters cover the following Copper alloys (composition and properties) Film formation and properties General corrosion Various types of localized corrosion, such as pitting, erosion corrosion, dealloying, and corrosion fatigue Galvanic corrosion Specific environments, including underground corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, and corrosion in waters corrosion of soldered, brazed, and welded joints This book is packed with more than 100 photos, along with numerous tables and graphs. It will appeal to engineers who need or want to use copper alloys and need data on the potential corrosion problems and, specifically, how to avoid them.

The Corrosion of Copper and its Alloys

Engineering & Transportation

Francis, Roger

Engineering

NACE International

Duplex stainless steels contain more than 19% chromium and have more than 30% of both ferrite and austenite. They were first invented in the early part of the 20th century, but not until the 1970s and 80s, with the introduction of argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) melting and the recognition of the benefits of nitrogen additions, that duplex stainless steels became attractive for widespread industrial use. Duplex stainless steels have found applications in most industries, including oil and gas, marine, desalination, power, chemical and process, pulp and paper, and mineral processing. Modern duplex stainless steels are approximately 50/50 austenite and ferrite, and they combine the high strength of ferrite with the ductility of austenite. The addition of nitrogen enables better equi-partioning of elements between the two phases, higher strength in the austenite, better corrosion resistance, and improved weldability, to name but a few benefits. Since the 1980s, a range of duplex stainless steels has been developed that have higher alloy content, and therefore greater corrosion resistance and strength. The commonly used duplex stainless steels have good corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments and excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Their high strength and hardness also gives them excellent resistance to both erosion corrosion and cavitation. There are also cast versions of many of the duplex compositions and these have seen extensive use for pumps, valves, and other equipment.Duplex stainless steels have been adopted by many industries to varying degrees. They are the workhorse corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) of the oil and gas industry, and are also widely used in the chemical and process industries for their SCC and corrosion resistance. Superduplex stainless steel has become the main alloy for piping, pumps, and valves in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants, because of its resistance to crevice corrosion in seawater. This book covers a variety of corrosion types that may affect duplex stainless steels in service, presenting the available data and, in some cases, how to avoid problems. The final chapter covers the use of standards and specifications to procure good quality material for specific applications. It also covers the requirements over and above standard specifications necessary to obtain good quality material.In this book, Roger Francis will review various duplex alloy compositions, mechanical properties, and design stresses for vessels and pipes to various codes. He will also cover the basics of welding duplex alloys, both to themselves and to other alloys, and their corrosion resistance. Of most importance, the book will look at a variety of types of corrosion that may affect duplex stainless steels in service, presenting the available data and, in some cases, how to avoid problems.

The Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steels: : A Practical Guide for Engineers

Science & Math

Technology

The world's population is steadily increasing and with it is an increasing demand for water--for both drinking and irrigation. In many areas of the world, particularly in warmer climates, there are limited sources from rivers and wells, so desalination is being increasingly used to produce water to satisfy both requirements. Although desalination is sometimes carried out on brackish waters and highly saline well waters, most desalination plants generate fresh water from seawater. There are three main processes used in desalination plants, the oldest of which is multistage flash (MSF), where the water is essentially boiled at low pressure and the steam that flashes off is condensed for drinking water. The second process is multiple-effect distillation (MED), in which low pressure steam is used to force evaporation of seawater and the vapor is then condensed for drinking water. Although actual MSF and MED plants (large-scale) are land based, small-scale units have been fitted to large ships, such as cruise liners, to generate fresh water. The third process is seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), where chloride is selectively removed from water by forcing it at high pressure through a special membrane. This method involves no heat transfer but requires enough electricity to power the high-pressure pumps that are required. All three of these methods have advantages and disadvantages. This book looks at corrosion problems specific to MSF, MED, and SWRO osmosis desalination plants, describing their causes, some solutions, and the relative performance of various materials. It gives advice on procuring materials for desalination plants to avoid quality problems.

Avoiding Corrosion in Desalination Plants

Nature & Ecology

Corrosion Management and Control in Desalination: An Industrial Guide

Meroufel, Abdelkader

Ampp

Engineers with an interest in the marine environment can take advantage of many years of accumulated corrosion experience in a quick and concise manner with this publication. It covers the corrosion behavior in sea water of steel, stainless steel and cast iron as well as alloys of copper, aluminum, nickel and titanium. Applications, commonly-used alloy compositions and mechanical properties are also covered for each alloy system, plus a special section is devoted to galvanic corrosion and its avoidance.

Corrosion Performance of Metals for the Marine Environment EFC 63 (European Federation of Corrosion Publications)

Physics

CRC-Press

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