Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: <ul>
<li>Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines</li> <li>High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines</li> <li>Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments</li> <li>Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds</li> <li>Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels</li> </ul>
The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking―the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies―this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines

Science & Math

Cheng, Y. Frank

Chemistry

wiley

The book begins with a review of coating fundamentals, including the evolution of coating technology and the principles for coating formulation. Guidelines for coating design, selection, and application are presented. The structure of a coating system and the high-performance coating's essential properties and characteristics are covered in detail. Some standard testing methods for determining and evaluating coating properties are included.Coatings used in the oil/gas pipeline industry are then covered. Generally, pipeline coatings are divided into two categories (plant-applied and field-applied coatings). The authors describe primary coatings in both categories such as coal tar, asphalt, PE, liquid epoxy, FBE, and high-performance composite coating (HPCC), as well as field-applied liquid coatings (i.e., tape coatings, shrink sleeve, wax, mastics and many others) in terms of their structures, properties, products, and applications.Coating failures encountered on pipelines in the field are reviewed, including an analysis of its effect on pipeline integrity. Both permeable coatings and impermeable coatings receive particular attention, and their interactions with CP are discussed. The shielding effect of coating failures under a variety of scenarios is included to provide an understanding of this industry-important problem. The tests and results described in this chapter come from the authors' research activities. This first-hand information provides recommendations to the industry for avoiding incompatibility between pipeline coating candidates and CP.Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a primary mechanism resulting in pipeline failure. It has been acknowledged that SCC occurrence is subject to coating failures. The authors focus on mechanistic aspects of the essential role of coating failures in pipeline SCC, including its initiation and propagation. Both near-neutral pH and high-pH SCC on pipelines are introduced, and correlations between the type and properties of coatings and their failure mechanisms are established. Discussions detail the development of solution chemistry and electrochemistry under disbonded coating to support SCC. Techniques for characterizing coating properties and testing coating performance in the field and research laboratory are also covered. The discussion provides insights essential to a complete testing and evaluation program for pipeline coating candidates, and for predicting long-term coating performance. Depending on an individual technique's capability and actual coating property needs, one can choose a testing method from convenient, simple inspection tools to complex, research-oriented equipment.Various coating application techniques are introduced and discussed, covering many important issues required for understanding what is necessary when a coating is applied to metal substrate, including pipelines. The content is based on realistic experiences.Finally, industrial experience with inspection and management of pipeline coatings is included. Inspections have been integral to the PIM (pipeline integrity management) program and ensure the integrity and safety of pipeline systems.

Pipeline Coatings

Norsworthy, Richard

Technology

NACE International

AC Corrosion of Pipelines covers the essential topics related to AC corrosion of pipelines, a problem affecting the safety and reliability of underground pipelines. In addition to the basic principles of AC interference induced by adjacent AC power lines and other sources, the book details the adverse effects of the interference on collocated pipelines, including corrosion and pitting corrosion, coating degradation, deviating of cathodic protection potentials, and the ineffectiveness of cathodic protection systems. Moreover, effective management measures to this problem are discussed. It also covers the DC interference and DC corrosion of the pipelines, as compared to the AC corrosion phenomenon. The book, the first of its kind, provides a complete and comprehensive understanding to the phenomenon from both the fundamentals and the author's research experiences. The reader can learn and understand the basics associated with AC corrosion. Moreover, the book provides solutions and industry practice to mitigate, control, and manage AC corrosion of pipelines. The reader can thus learn the appropriate solutions to the problem. Finally, the book also includes DC corrosion of pipelines, in addition to AC corrosion, another essential problem to the buried pipelines with the increasing development of HVDC power lines. All of them contribute to improved knowledge base and recommended solutions for the actual problem threating the integrity and safety of pipelines.

AC Corrosion of Piplelines

Engineering & Transportation

Engineering

Ampp

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