Role of Proteases in the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Researchers seeking problems that offer more hope of success often avoid subjects that seem to be difficult to approach experimentally, or subjects for which experimental results are difficult to interpret. The breakdown part of protein turnover in vivo, particularly in nervous tissue, was such a subject in the past – it was difficult to measure and difficult to explore the mechanisms involved. For factors that influence protein metabolism, it was thought that protein content, function, and distribution are controlled only by the synthetic mechanisms that can supply the needed specificity and response to stimuli. The role of breakdown was thought to be only a general metabolic digestion, elimination of excess polypeptides. We now know that the role of breakdown is much more complex: it has multiple functions, it is coupled to turnover, and it can affect protein composition, function, and synthesis. In addition to eliminating abnormal proteins, breakdown has many modulatory functions: it serves to activate and inactivate enzymes, modulate membrane function, alter receptor channel properties, affect transcription and cell cycle, form active peptides, and much more. The hydrolysis of peptide bonds often involves multiple steps, many enzymes, and cycles (such as ubiquination), and often requires the activity of enzyme complexes. Their activation, modification, and inactivation can thus play an important role in biological functions, with numerous families of proteases participating. The specific role of each remains to be elucidated.

Science & Math

Lacy, Charles F.

Howie, Alexander J.

Goldman, Morton P.

Lance, Leonard L.

FRIEDMAN, HERMAN

Weisman

Katz, Lynda J.

Goldstein, Gerald

Beers, Sue R.

Young, David B.

Honeyman, Allen

Lajtha, Able

Bendinelli, Mauro

Newland, Robert

Biological Sciences

Springer

This unique volume contains reviews by some of the most prominent immunologists in the world. The authors present vital facts for each of their areas of expertise and provide individual perspectives on how their own contributions were developed and how these contributions influenced general immunological thinking and development. This impressive collection of personal reviews by these internationally renowned immunologists makes The Immunologic Revolution an important and lasting contribution to the entire biomedical community.

The Immunologic Revolution: Facts and Witnesses

Medical Books

Szentivanyi, Andor

Basic Sciences

CRC-Press

Psychoneuroimmunology is the emerging science devoted to studying the two-way relationship between the nervous and immune systems. Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection highlights the latest information concerning microbial infections in both man and animals as related to stress and especially stress hormones. The volume focuses on psychoneuroimmunology as it impacts the immune system in general and also the relationship between neurological events which influence susceptibility and/or resistance to infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, as well as parasites. Prominent researchers describe the involvement of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis on immunity as a function of the nervous system. The text discusses hormones such as prolactin and growth hormone and steroid induced susceptibility to infection and neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide, and substance P. The effects of catacholamines on immunity and susceptibility to infection are also covered. This reference also details the involvement of immune cells in the synthesis of neuropeptides, including hormones and endorphins, their effect on the brain as well as the effects of interleukins and tumor necrosis factor on the central nervous system. The book concludes with an interesting look at the relationship between aging, psychoneuroimmunology, and infection. Although there is much new knowledge concerning the nature and mechanism of immune responses, including the mediators involved, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection also presents important discussions and reviews that are long overdue and provide a major contribution to the area of biomedical knowledge in general and psychoneuroimmunology in particular.

Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Klein, Thomas W.

Friedman, Andrea L.

Psychology & Counseling

Subcellular factors in immunity (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ; v. 332)

New York Academy of Sciences

This manual of clinical laboratory immunology covers: immunoglobulins and B-cell immunoproliferative disorders; complement, complement deficiencies and immune complexes; immune cell phenotyping by flow cytometry; immune cell function; immune cell products; and immunohistology and immunopathology.

Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology

Rose, Noel R.

Amer Society for Microbiology

Endotoxins are constituents of all gram negative bacteria, as well as many other microorganisms. Since their original discovery and study at the beginning and middle parts of this century, many investigations have been performed concerning their immunochemistry and physicochemistry, as well as their pharmacologic activities and physiologic effects on the host. It became widely recognized during the beginning of this century that the pyrogenicity of many microbial infections may be associated with endotoxins. Furthermore, some 80 years ago, attempts were begun to "treat" a variety of illnesses including neoplasia, with such "pyrogens", Le. , bacterial endo­ toxins. Inconclusive results were observed including some detrimental ones as well as, in some cases, beneficial ones. It became widely accepted that during infections with many gram negative organisms the fever occurring in patients, as well as many of the untoward pathophysiological effects of the infections, seemed to be due to the endotoxin the bacteria contained or released. In this regard, septic shock has been studied in detail by many clinicians, physiologists and pharmacologists and attempts have been made to relate the devastating effects of infection on metabolic and physiologic alterations caused by endotoxins. Recently, however, many beneficial effects of endotoxin have also been studied.

Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins (Ettore Majorana International Science Series, 18)

Szentivanyi, A.

The Reticuloendothelial System in Health and Disease: Immunologic and Pathologic Aspects

Reichard, Sherwood M.

Escobar, Mario R.

Morphology

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