When Strikes Make Sense-And Why: Lessons from Third Republic French Coal Miners (Plenum Studies in Work and Industry)

Business & Money

Samuel Cohn

Management & Leadership

Plenum Pub Corp

For some time now there has been an interest in the nop.  linear interaction of electromagnetic waves in plasma [1,2]. But only in the last few years has the theory of nonlinear wave inter action effects undergone such vigorous development as to result in the formulation of clear phYSical concepts regarding the mech anisms of interaction. This development has been engendered by attempts to solve many of the plasma-physical problems accom panying the tremendous growth of experimental research [3]. The importance of nonlinear effects in modern plasma physics is dis cussed in detail in Chap. I. At this point we merely stress the fact that today the analysis of nonlinear effects is a practical ne cessity in any experiment involving plasma instabilities. We should also point out that plasma instabilities can assert them selves extensively in solids (solid state plasma) and play an im portant part in the study of cosmic plasma. Consequently, the problems of nonlinear wave interaction in plasma are of concern to those working in widely different areas of physics. Yet it is difficult to assimilate the results of investigations on nonlinear effects, owing to the complicated way in which the results of orig inal research are presented. In the present book the author hopes in some measure to fill the need for a text on the physics of non linear effects that is accessible to a fairly general audience.

Nonlinear Effects in Plasma

Science & Math

Tsytovich, Vadim N.

Mathematics

The diffusion or migration of atoms in matter, of whatever form, is a basic consequence of the existence of atoms. In metals, atomic diffusion has a well established position of importance as it is recognized that there are few metallurgical processes which do not embody the diffusion of one or more of the constituents. As regards semiconductors any thermal annealing treatment involves atomic diffusion. In semiconductor technology diffusion processes provide a vital and basic means of fabricating doped structures. Notwithstanding the importance of diffusion in the preparative processes of semiconductor structures and samples, the diffusion based aspects have acquired an empirical outlook verging almost on alchemy. The first attempt to present a systematic account of semiconductor diffusion processes was made by Boltaks [11 in 1961. During the decade since Boltaks' book appeared much work germane to understanding the atomic mechanisms responsible for diffusion in semiconductors has been published. The object of the present book is to give an account of, and to consolidate, present knowledge of semiconductor diffusion in terms of basic concepts of atomic migration in crystalline lattices. To this end, exhaustive compilations of empirical data have been avoided as these are available elsewhere [2, 31 : attention has been limited to considering evidence capable of yielding insight into the physical processes concerned in atomic diffusion.

Atomic Diffusion in Semiconductors

Shaw, D.

Chemistry

In the world outside the laboratory, life goes on in a chang ing rather than in a constant environment and organisms must continually accommodate to changes in temperature, light, humidity, nutrition, etc. Since studies of the enzymatic process, in vitro, indicate that, in general, biological catalysis can proceed only over limited ranges of temperature, pH, substrate concentration, etc. , it seems reasonable to assume that biological systems have an ability to maintain a relatively constant internal milieu in the face of drastic external environmental change. This concept, as applied particularly to the mammal, was enun ciated by Bernard (1878) in the latter part of the last century. Cannon (1939) designated the phenomenon as homeostasis stating (cf Potter, 1970) that "in an open system such as our bodies represent, compounded of unstable material and subjected continually to disturbing conditions, constancy is in itself evidence that agencies are acting or are ready to act, to maintain this constancy. " He further proposed that "if a state remains steady, it does so because any tendency towards change is automatically met by increased effectiveness of the factor or factors which resist the change. " Considerable evidence (cf Prosser, 1958) suggests that homeo stasis is a general phenomenon which applies to all living things and at all levels of biological complexity. Survival in the face of environmental stress would seem to depend upon the ability of the organism to respond by appropriate biochemical modulations so as to maintain homeostasis.

Biochemical Responses to Environmental Stress: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by the Division of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, Microbial ... in Chicago, Illinois, September 14–15, 1970

Bernstein, I.A. (editors)

Water Purification by Ion Exchange

This book is an attempt to fill a gap in the existing literature on ion exchange. The many excellent works already available are of three main types, general introductions to the subject, specialist discussions of analytical and laboratory techniques, and advanced theoretical treatises. In practice, in spite of the vast number of processes which have been developed for la bora tory use, 99 per cent of all ion exchange resins produced in the world are used in water treatment, or closely allied applications. This book is intended as a general survey of the principles governing the practical uses of ion exchange resins, for the benefit of students encountering the subject for the first time, and for the chemists and engineers in many branches of industry whose work brings them into contact with water treatment, but who do not have the time to study more advanced volumes of basic theory. The background presented has been simplified to the maximum extent found possible without falsification, and an attempt has been made to relate each aspect of theory to its practical consequences in full scale water treatment. Mathematical methods have been avoided and pictorial or graphical presentation methods used wherever possible. As the book is concerned with general principles, rather than details of any particular research work, references to original papers and patents have been omitted except in the cases of special processes, which have a single clearly defined origin.

Arden, T. V.

Health, Fitness & Dieting

The First International Leo Kanner Colloquium on Child Development, Devia tions, and Treatment explores relationships between experimental research, normal development, and interventions, with early infantile autism as a reference model of "relatively unambiguous abnormal development." Sponsored by the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Com munications handicapped CHildren (TEACCH) Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the colloquium tackled the challenge of facilitat ing communications among scientists of different disciplines working in a spe cialized area. The meeting proved successful in generating an interplay and information exchange among scientists of diverse academic and professional orientation, who, if not completely able to agree on common factors, did nevertheless achieve awareness and clarification of their differences. The TEACCH conference and this volume have implications for all research efforts, within and outside the domain of mental health. This is particularly so at a time of limited dollar resources for research support. The present and foresee able future represent such a time-one when communication among fields, resource competition between basic and applied research, biomedical versus psychosocial research, and the question of research utilization assume a new commanding significance. Thus the question of accountability for research has come to the fore.

Psychopathology and Child Development: Research and Treatment

Schopler, Éric

Reichler, Robert J.

Mental Health

When I was a psychiatric resident not long after the end of World War II, any patient with the wits to get himself to a psychiatric clinic was taken into long-term dynamically oriented psychotherapy. Regardless of his diagnosis or clinical need, he was seen once, twice, sometimes even more frequently a week in fifty-minute sessions. Face-to-face with the therapist, he was urged to free associate and to express his dreams, fantasies, and emotions to a usually passive listener in what often appeared to be a caricature of psychoanalysis. It was not psychoanaly sis, of course (although the differences were sometimes hard to define), but the aims were the same-to resolve psychic conflicts through in sight and to bring about an internal psychological change that would allow the individual to work more effectively and to make healthier and happier relationships. Enough patients improved with these techniques to reinforce our penchant for using them. We were somehow able to ignore the fact that because of the limitations of time many patients withered on the waiting list. And we were able to blame our frequent therapeutic f~ilures, not to mention the damaging regressions our narrowly re stricted techniques often induced, on the patient's unwillingness to cooperate. Procrustes's couch was as inflexible as his bed. Old customs die hard, and the mindless application of long-term therapy is still found in clinical situations where it is inappropriate or contraindicated. But change is in the air.

The Frontier of Brief Psychotherapy: An Example of the Convergence of Research and Clinical Practice (Topics in General Psychiatry)

Malan, D. H.

Psychology & Counseling

Digital Processing of Biomedical Images

Preston, K

Onoe, M.

viii beginning to understand-their action, as will be brought out in this symposium. During this same period another development took place in psychiatry, namely, social and community psychiatry, interpreted by some, incorrectly, in my opinion, as the antitheses of the biological approach. The whole area of the delivery of mental health services, which quickly became more of a political and social issue than a medical one, led to confusion, disillusionment, despair, and also soul-searching by psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. The remarkable Pablo Picasso said, "the development of photography freed the artist to express his own creativity. " I have paraphrased Picasso's insightful remark, namely, "the development of biology and social and community psychiatry should free the psychiatrist to express his own creati vity as a physician. " It should allow him to regain his basic medi cal identity. As his medical identity becomes paramount, then the pejorative classification of psychiatrists into those "organically oriented" and those "dynamically-oriented" will no longer be valid. The psychiatrist, like his medical colleague, must be concerned with the psychological, psychosocial, biological, and technical aspects of psychiatry. The strengthening and development of the medical identity of the psychiatrist imposes increased responsibilities on him and on psychiatry as a medical discipline. On the one hand, he will have to become more of a neuro-bi_ gist and, on the other, more of a behavioral scientist.

The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry: Proceedings of a Symposium Honoring the 80th Anniversary of the Jerusalem Mental Health Center Ezrath Nashim held in Jerusalem, Israel, December 9–10,1975

Gershon, Elliot S.[et al]

The standard test battery developed by Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer at the Menninger Foundation constituted the most important research instrument (apart from clinical interviews) of the Foundation's psychotherapy research project. The battery's influence on clinical diagnosis and on research in personality assessment and change has been tremendous. In the hands of highly trained and skilled psychologists, the battery, constructed chiefly around projective tests, has been invaluable for diagnosing difficult cases. The complexity of interpreting it, however, and the many dimensions along which its findings can be organized, have made it frustratingly difficult to use in formal research. And its cost, because of the great time investment it requires, has made clinicians reticent about using it on a large scale. Dr. Appelbaum, an experienced psychotherapist and psycho analyst, was a distinguished member of the group of highly skilled psychologists who applied this test battery in the psychotherapy research reported here, although his role in this instance was re stricted to analyzing the findings of others who administered and interpreted the tests. In recent years, Dr. Appelbaum has been eval uating the mechanisms and effects of various psychotherapeutic approaches.

The Anatomy of Change: A Menninger Foundation Report on Testing the Effects of Psychotherapy

Appelbaum, Stephen

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