Book by National Academy of Engineering

Memorial Tributes: Volume 1

Biographies & Memoirs

National Academy of Engineering

Professionals & Academics

National Academies Press

The military, political, and economic preeminence of the United States during the post-World War II era is based to a substantial degree on its superior rate of achievement in science and technology, as well as on its capacity to translate these achievements into products and processes that contribute to economic prosperity and the national defense. The success of the U.S. scientific enterprise has been facilitated by many factors, important among them the opportunity for American scientists and engineers to pursue their research-and to communicate with each other-in a free and open environment.  During the last two administrations, however, concern has arisen that the characteristically open U.S. scientific community has served as one of the channels through which critical information and know-how are flowing to the Soviet Union and to other potential adversary countries; openness in science is thus perceived to present short-term national security risks in addition to its longer-term national security benefits in improved U.S. military technology.  The Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security was asked to examine the various aspects of the application of controls to scientific communication and to suggest how to balance competing national objectives so as to best serve the general welfare. The Panel held three two-day meetings in Washington at which it was briefed by representatives of the departments of Defense, State, and Commerce, and by representatives of the intelligence community, including the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency. The Panel also heard presentations by members of the research community and by university representatives. In addition to these briefings, the Rand Corporation prepared an independent analysis of the transfer of sensitive technology from the United States to the Soviet Union. To determine the views of scientists and administrators at major research universities, the Panel asked a group of faculty members and administrative officials at Cornell University to prepare a paper incorporating their own views and those of counterparts at other universities.  The main thrust of the Panel's findings is completely reflected in this document. However, the Panel has also produced a classified version of the subpanel report based on the secret intelligence information it was given; this statement is available at the Academy to those with the appropriate security clearance.

Scientific Communication and National Security

Business & Money

Policy and Global Affairs

National Academy Of Sciences

Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security

Economics

Honoring the deceased members and foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering, this volume is an enduring record of the many contributions of engineering to humankind. This second volume of Memorial Tributes covers the period from January 1979 to April 1984.

Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering (Volume 2)

National Academy Press

The clearly declining competitiveness of the United States in the world marketplace has prompted increased concern about the health of the United States' manufacturing industries. This volume is the result of lively discussions and formal presentations by industry leaders and education experts during a symposium convened by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council. Issues involving the changing face of U.S. manufacturing, requirements for educating and training engineers for manufacturing careers, and the possibilities for cooperative arrangements between industry and academia are examined in-depth in an effort to improve manufacturing education and therefore move toward boosting the nation's world competitiveness in manufacturing.

Education for the Manufacturing World of the Future (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Science & Math

Technology

"In the burgeoning literature on technological hazards, this volume is one of the best," states Choice in a three-part approach, it addresses the moral, scientific, social, and commercial questions inherent in hazards management. Part I discusses how best to regulate hazards arising from chronic, low-level exposures and from low-probability events when science is unable to assign causes or estimate consequences of such hazards; Part II examines fairness in the distribution of risks and benefits of potentially hazardous technologies; and Part III presents practical lessons and cautions about managing hazardous technologies. Together, the three sections put hazard management into perspective, providing a broad spectrum of views and information. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>INTRODUCTION: EMERGING ISSUES IN HAZARD MANAGEMENT</li>
<li>REFERENCE</li>
<li>PART 1 UNCERTAINTY</li>
<li>Science and Its Limits: The Regulator's Dilemma</li>
<li>SCIENCE AND RARE EVENTS</li>
<li>"Scientific" Approaches to Rare Events</li>
<li>Low-Level Exposure</li>
<li>How Science Reacts to Intrinsic Uncertainty</li>
<li>THE ATTACK ON SCIENCE FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE</li>
<li>Technological Fix</li>
<li>The De Minimis Principle</li>
<li>CONCLUSIONS</li>
<li>REFERENCES</li>
<li>Causality of a Given Cancer After Known Radiation Exposure</li>
<li>ACCIDENTAL HARM IN POPULATIONS OF EXPOSED PERSONS</li>
<li>QUANTAL RESPONSE IN A POPULATION OF HARMED PERSONS</li>
<li>RADIOTHERAHY OR ACCIDENTAL HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE</li>
<li>LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE OF NORMAL POPULATIONS</li>
<li>RADIOBIOLOGICAL RESPONSE FUNCTIONS</li>
<li>PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION IN CANCER CASES</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Dealing With Uncertainty About Risk in Risk Management</li>
<li>Risk Assessment Policy</li>
<li>Is Conservatism Protective?</li>
<li>The Social Costs of Error</li>
<li>Resource Constraints and Risk Management</li>
<li>Risk Transfers</li>
<li>CONSERVATISM IN RISK ASSESSMENT: COMMENTS</li>
<li>DE MINIMIS RISK</li>
<li>De Minimis Risk and Conflicting Social Objectives</li>
<li>Individual Versus Societal Definition of De Minimis Risk</li>
<li>Applying the De Minimis Concept</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Scientists, Engineers, and the Burdens of Occupational Exposure: The Case of the Lead Standard</li>
<li>BACKGROUND OF THE OSHA LEAD STANDARD</li>
<li>HEARINGS ON THE OSHA STANDARD: SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND THE CLASH OF INTERESTS</li>
<li>THE FINAL LEAD STANDARD</li>
<li>CONCLUSIONS</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>PART 2 EQUITY AND COMPENSATION</li>
<li>Hypersusceptibility to Occupational Hazards</li>
<li>HYPERSUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS</li>
<li>SCREENING AND MONITORING</li>
<li>FAIRNESS</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>The Bhopalization of American Tort Law</li>
<li>Bipolarity</li>
<li>Timeliness</li>
<li>The Driving Force</li>
<li>CAN THE LEGAL SYSTEM COPE?</li>
<li>Regressive Incentives</li>
<li>Kindling the Flames</li>
<li>The Writing on the Wall</li>
<li>Institutional Competence</li>
<li>Deferring to the Experts</li>
<li>Compensating Victims</li>
<li>PUBLIC RISKS AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY</li>
<li>NOTES</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>THE PRINCIPLE OF FORESEEABILITY</li>
<li>Fire and Wind Cases</li>
<li>Product Liability Cases</li>
<li>THE PRINCIPLE OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY WITHOUT CONTRIBUTION</li>
<li>New Determinants of Duty</li>
<li>Mandatory Allocation of Damages Among Responsible Parties</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Hazardous Waste Facility Siting: Community, Firm, and Governmental Perspectives</li>
<li>The Need for a Systems Approach</li>
<li>Risk Uncertainty</li>
<li>Public Perception of Risk</li>
<li>Equity and the Ethics of Risk Imposition</li>
<li>Institutional Distrust</li>
<li>Communicating Risk to the Public</li>
<li>Problem and Institutional Mismatch</li>
<li>Approach 1: Locational Opportunism</li>
<li>Approach 2: Imposition by Central Authority</li>
<li>Approach 3: Bartered Consent</li>
<li>Approach 4: Fairness-Centered Process</li>
<li>Conceptualizing the Siting Problem</li>
<li>An Ethical Base for Siting</li>
<li>Risk Reduction and Safety Assurance</li>
<li>The Role of Compensation</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Hazard Compensation and Incentive Systems: An Economic Perspective</li>
<li>PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS</li>
<li>DESIGNING INCENTIVE SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES</li>
<li>Broadening the Time Horizon</li>
<li>Penalties and Fines</li>
<li>COMPENSATION IN SITING TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITIES</li>
<li>Wes-Con, Inc.</li>
<li>Wes-Con, Inc.</li>
<li>Self-Insurance Funds</li>
<li>Integrating Stakeholders and Stages</li>
<li>Eliciting Preferences for Communities</li>
<li>CONCLUSIONS</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>PART 3 MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS</li>
<li>Economic, Legal, and Practical Problems in Hazardous Waste Cleanup and Management</li>
<li>HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN?</li>
<li>Harris Corporation</li>
<li>Sapp Battery Salvage</li>
<li>Jacksonville</li>
<li>Whitehouse Oil Pits</li>
<li>Tower Chemical</li>
<li>Liability Insurance</li>
<li>Cleanup Delays</li>
<li>Sovereign Immunity</li>
<li>PRACTICAL PROBLEMS</li>
<li>PROSPECTS FOR LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT</li>
<li>National Small-Quantity Generator Survey</li>
<li>Amnesty Days</li>
<li>The Case for Transfer Stations</li>
<li>Another Alternative: Incineration</li>
<li>CONCLUSION</li>
<li>Focusing Private-Sector Action on Public Hazards</li>
<li>CLEAN SITES INC.: GOALS AND ORGANIZATION</li>
<li>WHAT CAN CLEAN SITES INC. DO?</li>
<li>DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Three Mile Island and Bhopal: Lessons Learned and Not Learned</li>
<li>LESSONS FOR INDUSTRY</li>
<li>LESSONS FOR REGULATORS</li>
<li>THE PUBLIC</li>
<li>SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Managing Technological Hazards: Success, Strain, and Surprise</li>
<li>INSTITUTIONS OF HAZARD MANAGEMENT</li>
<li>THE PERSISTENCE OF SURPRISE</li>
<li>LIMITS TO HAZARD MANAGEMENT</li>
<li>TECHNOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FIXES</li>
<li>SHIFTING ATTITUDES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES</li>
<li>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>ABOUT THE AUTHORS</li>
</ul>

Hazards: Technology and Fairness (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Since the initial laser beam in 1960, use of lasers has mushroomed, opening new frontiers in medicine, manufacturing, communications, defense, and information storage and retrieval. Lasers: Invention to Application brings together a series of chapters by eminent scientists spanning the broad range of today's laser technology. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>The Laser: Still Young at 25?</li>
<li>Lasers in Modern Industries</li>
<li>Lasers in Communications and Information Processing</li>
<li>Lasers in Medicine</li>
<li>Lasers in Science</li>
<li>Interactions between the Science and Technology of Lasers</li>
<li>Contributors</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Plates</li>
</ul>

Lasers: Invention to Application

Physics

New Medical Devices: Invention, Development, and Use (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

In the past 50 years the development of a wide range of medical devices has improved the quality of people's lives and revolutionized the prevention and treatment of disease, but it also has contributed to the high cost of health care. Issues that shape the invention of new medical devices and affect their introduction and use are explored in this volume. The authors examine the role of federal support, the decision-making process behind private funding, the need for reforms in regulation and product liability, the effects of the medical payment system, and other critical topics relevant to the development of new devices. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Part 1: Medical Device Innovation and Health Care</li>
<li>New Medical Devices and Health Care</li>
<li>Inventing Medical Devices: Five Inventors</li>
<li>Technological Innovation and Medical Devices</li>
<li>Part 2: Current Trends</li>
<li>Federal Support of Medical Device Innovation</li>
<li>Private Investment in Medical Device Innovation</li>
<li>Product Liability and Medical Device Regulation: Proposal for Reform</li>
<li>Impact of the Changing Medical Payment System on Technological Innovation and Utilization</li>
<li>A Conflict: Medical Innovation, Access and Cost Containment</li>
<li>Part 3: How Trends Will Interact</li>
<li>How Trends Will Interact: The Perspective of the Hospital</li>
<li>Perspectives of Industry, the Physician, and Government</li>
<li>Summarizing Reflections</li>
<li>Contributors</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Reference

Encyclopedias & Subject Guides

Medical Books

Allied Health Professions

Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Beginning by dispelling some of the myths about services, this provocative volume examines the growth in services, the way technology has shaped this growth, and the consequences for the American economy. Chapters discuss such topics as the effects of technology on employment patterns and wages, international trade in services, and the relationship between services and the traditional manufacturing industries.

Managing Innovation: Cases from the Services Industries (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

This book of case histories is devoted solely to service industries and the technologies that drive them, as told by those who have developed segments of these industries. The chapters cover innovations such as Federal Express's advanced system for package tracking, Citicorp's development of the Automated Teller Machine, AT&T's experience with mobile telephones, Bell & Howell's introduction of an automated automotive parts catalog, and the New York Stock Exchange's development of electronic trading. Some broader analyses discuss the interfaces between services technologies and manufacturing, operations research in services, and technology in professional services.

Management & Leadership

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Books by National Academy of Engineering

See the best price to sell, buy, or rent books by National Academy of Engineering. BookScouter helps to compare book prices from 25+ online bookstores and 30+ buyback vendors with a single search.

Memorial Tributes: Volume 1

Scientific Communication and National Security

Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering (Volume 2)

Education for the Manufacturing World of the Future (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Hazards: Technology and Fairness (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Lasers: Invention to Application

New Medical Devices: Invention, Development, and Use (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

New Medical Devices: Invention, Development, and Use (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)

Managing Innovation: Cases from the Services Industries (Series on Technology and Social Priorities)