The military, political, and economic preeminence of the United States during the post-World War II era is based to a substantial degree on its superior rate of achievement in science and technology, as well as on its capacity to translate these achievements into products and processes that contribute to economic prosperity and the national defense. The success of the U.S. scientific enterprise has been facilitated by many factors, important among them the opportunity for American scientists and engineers to pursue their research-and to communicate with each other-in a free and open environment.  During the last two administrations, however, concern has arisen that the characteristically open U.S. scientific community has served as one of the channels through which critical information and know-how are flowing to the Soviet Union and to other potential adversary countries; openness in science is thus perceived to present short-term national security risks in addition to its longer-term national security benefits in improved U.S. military technology.  The Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security was asked to examine the various aspects of the application of controls to scientific communication and to suggest how to balance competing national objectives so as to best serve the general welfare. The Panel held three two-day meetings in Washington at which it was briefed by representatives of the departments of Defense, State, and Commerce, and by representatives of the intelligence community, including the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency. The Panel also heard presentations by members of the research community and by university representatives. In addition to these briefings, the Rand Corporation prepared an independent analysis of the transfer of sensitive technology from the United States to the Soviet Union. To determine the views of scientists and administrators at major research universities, the Panel asked a group of faculty members and administrative officials at Cornell University to prepare a paper incorporating their own views and those of counterparts at other universities.  The main thrust of the Panel's findings is completely reflected in this document. However, the Panel has also produced a classified version of the subpanel report based on the secret intelligence information it was given; this statement is available at the Academy to those with the appropriate security clearance.

Scientific Communication and National Security

Business & Money

Policy and Global Affairs

National Academy of Engineering

National Academy Of Sciences

Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security

Economics

National Academies Press

". . . should help mobilize Government support for the nation's slipping technological and international trade position. . . ." Leonard Silk, ;ITThe New York Times.;IT A blue-ribbon panel takes a critical look at the state of U.S. leadership in technological innovation and trade.

International Competition in Advanced Technology: Decisions for America

Office of International Affairs

A Consensus Statement Prepared by the Panel on Advanced Technology Competition and the Industrialized Allies

National, Research Council

This nontechnical overview of developments in nuclear arms control describes how the United States and the Soviet Union arrived at their present positions--and where they might go from here. According to Foreign Affairs, "This book is proof that the complexities of arms control can be successfully explained in a nontechnical, and even more importantly, nonpartisan manner. . . . It presents the key issues in a clear, thorough, and remarkably up-to-date way. . . . Strongly recommended as a primary source for classroom and public discussions." Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1 Overview</li>
<li>2 Strategic Offensive Nuclear Arms Control</li>
<li>3 The Nuclear Freeze</li>
<li>4 The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Negotiations</li>
<li>5 Strategic Defensive Arms Control: The SALT I Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty</li>
<li>6 Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Arms Control</li>
<li>7 Nuclear Test Bans</li>
<li>8 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</li>
<li>Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix A SALT I Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive Arms</li>
<li>Appendix B SALT II Treaty</li>
<li>Appendix C SALT I ABM Treaty</li>
<li>Appendix D Limited Test Ban Treaty</li>
<li>Appendix E Threshold Test Ban Treaty</li>
<li>Appendix F Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty</li>
<li>Appendix G Non-Proliferation Treaty</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Nuclear Arms Control: Background and Issues

History

Committee on International Security and Arms Control

Military

No more important issue faces us today than the future success of efforts to manage and control nuclear arsenals. Reykjavik and Beyond represents the careful consideration of this subject by a group of experts deeply involved in arms control. The authors consider what changes in force structures, strategic thought, and political relations would be necessary to make possible large reductions in the superpowers' nuclear arsenals. They also examine how very deep cuts would affect other aspects of the military balance and the political and international order more broadly. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>1. Reykjavik and Beyond: Implications of Deep Reductions in Strategic Nuclear Arsenals and the Future Direction of Arms Control</li>
<li>2. The Purpose and Effect of Deep Strategic Force Reductions</li>
<li>3. The Impact of Defenses on Offensive Reduction Regimes</li>
<li>4. The Impact of New Technologies and Noncentral Systems of Offensive Reduction Regimes</li>
<li>5. Alliance Issues</li>
<li>6. Implications for Conventional Forces</li>
<li>7. The Future of Arms Control</li>
</ul>

Reykjavik and Beyond: Deep Reductions in Strategic Nuclear Arsenals and the Future Direction of Arms Control

By Leo A. Orleans for the Committee on Scholarly Communications with the People's Republic of China, National Academy of Sciences The shift in U.S.-China relations since normalization has resulted in a rapid influx of Chinese students and scholars studying at U.S. institutions. There is an urgent need among institutions and individuals working with the Chinese for firm data about the Chinese student population. Also needed is a better understanding of Chinese policies and practices on foreign study. Chinese Students in America is the only comprehensive resource available today to fill these needs. Author Leo A. Orleans uses original Chinese resource materials to explore several overall issues--such as China's concern about a "brain drain" as more Chinese students decide to stay in the United States. He explains why data on Chinese students in the United States are so elusive and presents an in-depth analysis of the best figures that are available. Chinese Students in America will be of particular interest to policymakers, professors and administrators who work with Chinese students and scholars, specialists in education, international organizations, members of U.S.-China affiliations, and libraries, as well as Chinese students and scholars studying in America. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Part I: China</li>
<li>1. The Evolving Policies</li>
<li>2. The Brain-Drain Issue</li>
<li>3. Problems in Utitilzing Returning Students and Scholars</li>
<li>Part II: Chinese Students and Scholars in the United States, Numbers and Characteristics</li>
<li>4. Understanding the Statistics: Problems and Issues</li>
<li>5. Statistics on Trends and Characteristics of Exchange Participants from China</li>
<li>Conclusion: Chinese Students: An Emerging Issue in U.S.-China Relations?</li>
<li>Appendix: State Education Commission Provisions on Study Abroad</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Chinese Students in America: Policies, Issues, and Numbers

Travel

Orleans, Leo A.

Specialty Travel

A need exists for better models of what contributes to changes in the time that students take to complete doctorate degrees. Utilizing numerous data sources, On Time to the Doctorate presents a new model to explain changes in both total time to the doctorate and in the several components of time to the doctorate. It examines the lengthening time to the doctorate in many fields (chemistry; physics and astronomy; earth, atmospheric, and marine sciences; mathematical sciences; engineering; agricultural sciences; biological sciences; health sciences; psychology; economics; and "all other social sciences") and provides theoretical explanations for this lengthening time. This thorough and current analysis of time to the doctorate provides an up-to-date, extensive review of the literature and an exposition of data not available elsewhere. Table of ContentsFRONT MATTEREXECUTIVE SUMMARY1 WHAT HAS BEEN HAPPENING TO TIME TO THE DOCTORATE?2 MODELS OF THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT STUDENT CHOICE AND TIME TO THE DOCTORATE: A LITERATURE SURVEY3 A MODEL OF THE DETERMINANTS OF TTD4 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE FIVE VECTORS OF VARIABLES AND TTD AND ITS COMPONENTS: A COMPARISON OF ZERO-ORDER CORRELATIONS5 CHANGES IN TTD6 CHANGES IN REGISTERED TIME TO THE DOCTORATE, TIME PRIOR TO GRADUATE ENTRANCE, AND TIME NOT ENROLLED IN THE UNIVERSITY7 PAST AS PROLOGUESELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYAPPENDIXESAPPENDIX A: RELATED TABLESAPPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS

On Time to the Doctorate: A Study of the Lengthening Time to Completion for Doctorates in Science and Engineering

Science & Math

Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

Science for Kids

This fascinating, readable volume is filled with enticing, detailed information about more than 30 different Incan crops that promise to follow the potato's lead and become important contributors to the world's food supply. Some of these overlooked foods offer special advantages for developing nations, such as high nutritional quality and excellent yields. Many are adaptable to areas of the United States. Lost Crops of the Incas includes vivid color photographs of many of the crops and describes the authors' experiences in growing, tasting, and preparing them in different ways. This book is for the gourmet and gourmand alike, as well as gardeners, botanists, farmers, and agricultural specialists in developing countries. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Part I: Roots and Tubers</li>
<li>Achira</li>
<li>Ahipa</li>
<li>Arracacha</li>
<li>Maca</li>
<li>Mashua</li>
<li>Mauka</li>
<li>Oca</li>
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Ulluco</li>
<li>Yacon</li>
<li>Part II: Grains</li>
<li>Kaniwa</li>
<li>Kiwicha</li>
<li>Quinoa</li>
<li>Part III: Legumes</li>
<li>Basul</li>
<li>Nunas- Popping Beans</li>
<li>Tarwi</li>
<li>Part IV: Vegetables</li>
<li>Peppers</li>
<li>Squashes and Their Relatives</li>
<li>Part V: Fruits</li>
<li>Berries</li>
<li>Capuli Cherry</li>
<li>Cherimoya</li>
<li>Goldenberry- Cape Gooseberry</li>
<li>Highland Papayas</li>
<li>Lucuma</li>
<li>Naranjilla- Lulo</li>
<li>Pacay- Ice-Cream Beans</li>
<li>Passionfruits</li>
<li>Pepino</li>
<li>Tamarillo- Tree Tomato</li>
<li>Part IV: Nuts</li>
<li>Quito Palm</li>
<li>Walnuts</li>
<li>A Selected Readings</li>
<li>B Centers of Andean Crop Research</li>
<li>C Research Contacts</li>
<li>D Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</li>
<li>Index of Plants</li>
<li>Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</li>
<li>BOSTID Publications</li>
<li>Picture Plates</li>
</ul>

Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation

Board on Science and Technology for International Development

Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation

Biological Sciences

Recruitment, Retention, and Utilization of Federal Scientists and Engineers

Committee on Scientists and Engineers in the Federal Government

History & Philosophy

During the past decade, the field of astrophysics has progressed at an impressive rate. This was reflected by the topics discussed at the workshop from which this book eminated. These topics include the inflationary universe; the large-scale structure of the universe; the diffuse X-ray background; gravitational lenses, quasars and active galactic nuclei; infrared galaxies; results from infrared astronomical satellites; supernova 1987A; millisecond radio pulsars; quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray flux of low-mass X-ray binaries; and gamma-ray bursts. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>FRONT MATTER</li>
<li>INSTABILITIES IN SN1987A AND OTHER SUPERNOVAE</li>
<li>ON THE EVOLUTION OF PULSARS</li>
<li>THE SPIN DOWN OF THE RADIO PULSARS BRAKING INDEX</li>
<li>AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL SUPERNOVA REMNANTS</li>
<li>NEUTRON STARQUAKE MODEL FOR GAMMA-RAY BURSTS</li>
<li>THE SHOCK BREAKOUT IN SN1987A MODELLED WITH THE TIME-DEPENDENT RADIATIVE TRANSFER</li>
<li>MANIFESTATIONS OF DYNAMO DRIVEN LARGE-SCALE MAGNETIC FIELD IN ACCRETION DISKS OF COMPACT OBJECTS</li>
<li>TURBULIZATION OF SHEAR FLOWS IN ASTROPHYSICS</li>
<li>REGULAR VARIABILITY OF THE SHAPE OF THE PRIMARY MINIMUM OF THE ORBITAL LIGHT CURVE OF SS 433 WITH THE PHASE OF THE PRECESSIONAL PERIOD</li>
<li>CHAOTIC INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE AND THE ANISOTROPY OF THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE</li>
<li>THE CYCLOTRON ABSORPTION LINE AND ECLIPSE TRANSITION PHENOMENA OF 4U 1538-52</li>
<li>RADIO TELESCOPES AS THE DETECTORS OF SUPER HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRIONS</li>
<li>OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI</li>
<li>ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL RELATIVISTIC STELLAR WINDS</li>
<li>CLUSTER RESEARCH WITH X-RAY OBSERVATIONS</li>
<li>OBSERVATIONS OS X-RAY PULSARS FROM THE KVANT MODULE</li>
<li>GENERATION OF ULTRAHIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAYS IN ACCRETING X-RAY PULSARS</li>
<li>CAN A MAN-MADE UNIVERSE BE ACHIEVED BY QUANTUM TUNNELING WITHOUT AN INITIAL SINGULARITY?</li>
<li>ON THE ORIGIN OF THE DIFFUSE X-RAY BACKGROUND</li>
<li>GRAVITATIONAL LENSES: THE CURRENT SAMPLE, RECENT RESULTS, AND CONTINUING SEARCHES</li>
<li>COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BURSTS</li>
<li>GEORGIAN SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAM</li>
<li>ON THE NATURE OF PULSAR RADIATION</li>
<li>OBSERVING SN 1987A WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER</li>
<li>QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS IN LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES</li>
<li>THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION FROM STELLAR COMPONENTS OF GALAXIES</li>
<li>CLOSE BINARY STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS</li>
<li>THE LARGE-SCALE SURFACE BRIGHTNESS DISTRIBUTION OF THE X-RAY BACKGROUND</li>
<li>X-RAY EMISSION FROM ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI</li>
<li>ON THE OBSERVATIONAL APPEARANCES OF A FREELY PRECESSING NEUTRON STAR IN . . .</li>
<li>THE PSR 2127+12 AS AN INDICATOR OF A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE CORE OF GLOBULAR CLUSTER M 15</li>
<li>THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF DOMAIN WALLS</li>
<li>A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS DETECTED BY THE KONUS EXPERIMENT ON VENERA 11 and 12</li>
<li>EXTRAGALACTIC X-RAY SOURCE COUNTS</li>
<li>ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES</li>
<li>THE PECULIAR VELOCITY FIELD PREDICTED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRAS GALAXIES</li>
<li>X-RAY RADIATION FROM SUPERNOVA 1987A. THE RESULTS OF THE KVANT MODULE IN 1987-89</li>
<li>BASIC PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY FROM PULSAR TIMING DATA</li>
<li>GAS FLOW AND GENERATION OF X-RAY EMISSION IN WR+OB BINARIES</li>
<li>HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF SUPERNOVA 1987A: THE PHASE OF A WAVE OF COOLING AND RECOMBINATION</li>
<li>APPENDIX</li>
</ul>

High-Energy Astrophysics: American and Soviet Perspectives/Proceedings from the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Workshop on High-Energy Astrophysics

Astronomy & Space Science

Global warming continues to gain importance on the international agenda and calls for action are heightening. Yet, there is still controversy over what must be done and what is needed to proceed. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming describes the information necessary to make decisions about global warming resulting from atmospheric releases of radiatively active trace gases. The conclusions and recommendations include some unexpected results. The distinguished authoring committee provides specific advice for U.S. policy and addresses the need for an international response to potential greenhouse warming. It offers a realistic view of gaps in the scientific understanding of greenhouse warming and how much effort and expense might be required to produce definitive answers. The book presents methods for assessing options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, offset emissions, and assist humans and unmanaged systems of plants and animals to adjust to the consequences of global warming. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Part One: Synthesis</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Background</li>
<li>3 The Greenhouse Gases and Their Effects</li>
<li>4 Policy Framework</li>
<li>5 Adaptation</li>
<li>6 Mitigation</li>
<li>7 International Considerations</li>
<li>8 Findings and Conclusions</li>
<li>9 Recommendations</li>
<li>Individual Statement by a Member Of The Synthesis Panel</li>
<li>Part Two: The Science Base</li>
<li>10 Introduction</li>
<li>11 Emission Rates and Concentrations Of Greenhouse Gases</li>
<li>12 Radiative Forcing and Feedback</li>
<li>13 Model Performance</li>
<li>14 The Climate Record</li>
<li>15 Hydrology</li>
<li>16 Sea Level</li>
<li>17 A Greenhouse Forcing and Temperature Rise Estimation Procedure</li>
<li>18 Conclusions</li>
<li>Part Three: Mitigation</li>
<li>19 Introduction</li>
<li>20 Framework for Evaluating Mitigation Options</li>
<li>21 Residential and Commercial Energy Management</li>
<li>22 Industrial Energy Management</li>
<li>23 Transportation Energy Management</li>
<li>24 Energy Supply Systems</li>
<li>25 Nonenergy Emission Reduction</li>
<li>26 Population</li>
<li>27 Deforestation</li>
<li>28 Geoengineering</li>
<li>29 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>Part Four: Adaptation</li>
<li>30 Findings</li>
<li>31 Recommendations</li>
<li>32 Issues, Assumptions, and Values</li>
<li>33 Methods and Tools</li>
<li>34 Sesitivities, Impacts, and Adaptations</li>
<li>35 Indices</li>
<li>36 Final Words</li>
<li>Individual Statement by a Member of the Adaptation Panel</li>
<li>Appendixes</li>
<li>A Questions and Answers About Greenhouse Warming</li>
<li>B Thinking About Time in the Context of Global Climate Change</li>
<li>C Conservation Supply Curves for Buildings</li>
<li>D Conservation Supply Curves for Industrial Energy Use</li>
<li>E Conservation Supply Data for Three Transportation Sectors</li>
<li>F Transportation System Management</li>
<li>G Nuclear Energy</li>
<li>H A Solar Hydrogen System</li>
<li>I Biomass</li>
<li>J Cost-Effectiveness of Electrical Generation Technologies</li>
<li>K Cost-Effectiveness of Chlorofluorocarbon Phaseout-United States and Worldwide</li>
<li>L Agriculture</li>
<li>M Landfill Methane Reduction</li>
<li>N Population Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</li>
<li>O Deforestation Prevention</li>
<li>P Reforestation</li>
<li>Q Geoengineering Options</li>
<li>R Description of Economic Estimates of the Cost of Reducing Greenhouse Emissions</li>
<li>S Glossary</li>
<li>T Conversion Tables</li>
<li>U Prefaces from the Individual Panel Reports</li>
<li>V Acknowledgments from the Individual Panel Reports</li>
<li>W Background Information on Panel Members and Professional Staff</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

Crafts, Hobbies & Home

Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

Gardening & Landscape Design

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