La historia de los vascos en el Uruguay es la de un pueblo que ayudó a troquelar la identidad política y cultural de la sociedad que lo acogió al tiempo que supo dotarse de una fisonomía propia en América.  En Uruguay se creó el primer centro vasco del mundo en 1876, no por casualidad el mismo año en que terminó la Segunda Guerra Carlista. Uruguay vio nacer en 1887 el primer centro vasco en el cual la única lengua hablada por lo socios era el euskara. En Montevideo vio la luz una de las primeras ikastolas de América en 1925 y, el 21 de marzo de 1945, cuando la lengua vasca estaba siendo duramente reprimida en Euskal Herria, abría sus puertas en la Universidad de la República de Uruguay el primer Departamento de Estudios Vascos del continente americano, en el seno del cual se creó una de las primeras cátedras universitarias de lengua vasca de la historia de nuestro país.  La identidad vasca forjada en América forma hoy parte del carácter y de la esencia del pueblo vasco, el cual vive en América su octava república. Fue tal el proceso migratorio que hoy no se entiende la identidad colectiva de la nación vasca sin el recurso de las identidades vascas de América, desde Terranova hasta la Tierra de Fuego. El pueblo vasco colaboró en la conformación de la independencia política y cultural de Uruguay como nación, al tiempo que ayudó a constituir la nueva identidad de nuestro pueblo como suma de identidades, la identidad nacional vasca del siglo XXI.

La Hora Vasca del Uruguay: Génesis y desarrollo del nacionalismo vasco en Uruguay (1825-1960) (Spanish Edition)

History

Irujo, Xabier

Irigoyen, Alberto

Americas

Fundacion Centenario

On April 26, 1937, a massive aerial attack by German and Italian forces reduced the Basque city of Gernika to rubble and left more than sixteen hundred people dead. Although the assault was initiated as part of a terror bombing campaign by Francoists against Basque Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War, its main intent was to test the effectiveness of the rising German Luftwaffe’s new equipment and strategies. To produce this detailed analysis of the political and military background of the attack and its subsequent international impact, Xabier Irujo examined archives and official government documents in several countries and conducted numerous interviews with Basques who survived. His account of the assault itself, based on eyewitness reports from both victims and attackers, vividly recalls the horror of that first example of the blitz bombing that served the Germans during the first years of World War II. He reveals the U.S. and British governments’ reaction to the bombing and also discusses efforts to prosecute the perpetrators for war crimes. Irujo relates the ways in which the massacre has been remembered and commemorated in Gernika and throughout the worldwide Basque diaspora. Gernika, 1937: The Market Day Massacre is an important contribution to the history of the Spanish Civil War and to our understanding of the military strategies and decisions that shaped this war and would later be employed by the Nazis during World War II.

Gernika, 1937: The Market Day Massacre (The Basque Series)

Europe

University of Nevada Press

Conversations with Pete Cenarrusa represents an up-to-date account of the most striking aspects of Contemporary Basque Politics, from the bombing of Gernika to the last elections in 2009. While being an overview, the book provides many interesting details and little known facts of the American perspective regarding the Basque political issue and its impact in Idaho, land of grace and hope for thousands of Basque immigrants during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. The present second edition has more than one hundred pages of new content and substantial enhancements to the original edition of the book in 2009. Pete T. Cenarrusa has served for fifty-two years in the State of Idaho, nine terms at the House of Representatives (1950-1967), in 1963, 1965 and 1967 as a Speaker of the House, and six terms as Secretary of State (1967-2002) for the Republican Party. Gov. C. L. “Butch” Otter calls Cenarrusa “my kind of guy. I’m proud to say that it doesn’t get any more basic Idaho than Pete and Freda.” Xabier Irujo, professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, is author of several books on history of the Basque Country and Basque Politics.

On Basque Politics: Conversations with Pete Cenarrusa

Politics & Social Sciences

Cenarrusa, Pete T

Politics & Government

Barandiaran Basque Studies Series

778: La batalla de Errozabal (Colección Aberri Bilduma) (Spanish Edition)

Ekin

The episode of Guernica, with all that it represents both in the military and the moral order, seems destined to pass into History as a symbol. A symbol of many things, but chiefly of that capacity for falsehood possessed by the new Machiavellism which threatens destruction to all the ethical hypotheses of civilization. A clear example of the use which can be made of untruth to degrade the minds of those whom one wishes to convince.(Foreign Wings over the Basque Country, 1937)Just after 4 p.m. aeroplanes threw nine bombs in the centre of the town. We were looking after the wounded when more aeroplanes appeared, which began to drop all kinds of bombs, incendiary and explosive. The wild beasts who piloted those aeroplanes, whenever they saw in the streets or outside the town a human figure, turned their machine-guns on it, sowing terror and death and killing not a few, among whom were women children, and old people. Such was the tragedy of Guernica, the truth of which I, Mayor of Guernica, affirm be-fore the whole world.Guernica has been burnt, but Guernica will not die. The tree will put out new green leaves every spring; her sons will return to her once more; once more her houses will be rebuilt, her churches hear again their hymns and prayers, and happy life abound in her streets. Guernica, the symbol of our national liberties, and the symbol too of the ferocity of international Fascism, cannot die for Euzkadi will not die."(Jose Labauria, Mayor of Gernika)

The Bombing of Gernika

This story—that of the government-in-exile of Lehendakari Jose Antonio Agirre and the multitudes of other Basques who were forced by war and oppression to flee their homeland—has not been written in English before and is rather unknown to the Basque, Spanish, and French historiography. Drawing on primary sources; archival documentation; and interviews with many Basque political exiles, resistance members, and former prisoners of labor camps Professor Xabier Irujo tells a gripping story of the Basque autonomous government, conceived during the beginnings of a bloody civil war, forced to organize a mass exile and then overtaken by necessity to feed and clothe its exiled population. Following this initial period, the exiled Basques were then confronted by World War and forced again into flight, this time mainly to the Americas. Never giving up their opposition to the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the government continued its struggle during forty long years of existence, through wars hot and cold as well as countless political developments. While tracing the history of Lehendakari Agirre, this book is more the story of all of the Basques who were forced into exile, and it serves as a testimony to their unwavering determination to return to their homeland. In addition, the book contains an extensive biographical index of many of the heretofore unknown exile activists: writers, politicians, soldiers, intellectuals, but even more so, Basque patriots.

Expelled from the Motherland (Basque Politics)

Center for Basque Studies

There are around 6,000 living languages in the world, but as of 2012, less than 4 percent of them can claim official status in one of more of the 196 existing states. This lack of official status, along with other cultural, political, and legal factors, is contributing to a worldwide loss of linguistic diversity and cultural richness. The essays in this book explore the many facets of language rights and language protection from a variety of theoretical, legal, and academic perspectives. Important lessons are taken from the Basque case in Europe, and Native American and French-Canadian cases in North America. Woven throughout the book is the belief in the power of discourse and research to protect and even enhance linguistic diversity through legal recognition and other means. Language protection, however, is only possible if we encourage the acceptance of cultural diversity and multilingualism as a positive outcome for the whole population of the state, not just for a minority within it. We should abandon the idea of the monolingual mono-cultural nation-state, and encourage the population of each country to adopt the concept of a multi-cultural state.

Language Rights and Cultural Diversity (Conference Papers)

Miglio, Viola

Sociology

This book, the result of an extensive international gathering of scholars from many different disciplines and countries, explores the fascinating life of Jose Antonio Agirre (1904–1960), the first lehendakari or president of the Basque Country. A charismatic figure that in many ways transcended the bitter political divisions of the age he lived through, Agirre’s legacy serves as a timely reminder of how maintaining one’s political, social, and cultural convictions need not necessarily serve as a barrier when it comes to promoting dialogue, cooperation, and diplomacy. A Basque nationalist but also an internationalist and strong advocate of an integrated Europe, Agirre’s biography reads as a testament to the mid-twentieth century experience of war and exile, and the chapters herein explore his life in both Europe and the Americas against the backdrop of the Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the coming of the Cold War.

The International Legacy of Lehendakari Jose A. Agirre's Government (Conference Papers)

Biographies & Memoirs

Olaziregi, Mari Jose

Leaders & Notable People

Few events in the history of the world have aroused the passions of the decent, the fair, the peaceful, and the just as much as the brutal terror bombing attack on the Basque town of Gernika. From the decision of the fascist forces to attack the open city, to the horror of the bombing, to its aftermath, this short history tells the terrible events that colored not only the modern history of the Basques, but of all of humanity as it ushered in a new age of warfare.

The Bombing of Gernika: A Short History (Basque Topics)

The Battle of Errozabal (Rencesvals) is the one of the most significant historical events of eighth century Vasconia and in all Western Europe. The present monograph examines Charlemagne's campaign from the perspective of military history but also as part of a complex socio-political process that began after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and culminated with the creation of the Kingdom of Pamplona in 824. The battle had major (and largely underappreciated) consequences for the Carolingian Empire. It also enjoyed a remarkable legacy as the topic of one of the oldest European epic poems, La Chanson de Roland. The events that took place in the Pyrenean pass of Errozabal on 15 August 778 defined the development of the Carolingian world, and lie at the heart of the early medieval contribution to the later medieval period.

Charlemagne’s Defeat in the Pyrenees: The Battle of Rencesvals (The Early Medieval North Atlantic, 11)

Literature & Fiction

Ancient & Medieval Literature

Amsterdam University Press

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