This book considers the importance of intuition and natural logic in decision-making. In everyday life, people frequently make judgments and decisions without explicitly using all the relevant information that is available. Moreover, even when people are aware of details and circumstances, they do not necessarily analyze the information at their disposal on a deeper level, nor consider this information in an explicit and logical way before making a decision. On the contrary, people often follow the very first response that comes to mind, which is usually an immediate feeling, a spontaneous idea, or a sudden emergence of a sense of "I know what to do" or "This is the best choice." This intuitive, immediate response process typically takes place without any apparent effort. If questioned, people often cannot say why they responded in this fashion. People tend to trust their intuition so frequently, simply because they are successful with it. Intuition seems to satisfy decision-making needs in many situations. In addition, there is scientific evidence that people's intuition can outperform deliberate thinking processes under specific conditions. In Natural Logic, authors Mauro Maldonato and Silvia Dell'Orco address the integration of decision-making across diverse fields, including economics, medicine, and management. They consider the concepts of heuristics and biases through which the psychology of decision-making clarifies how strategies, models, and "cognitive shortcuts," to which people resort in assessing situations, are exposed to frequent and substantive errors. Such analysis leads to a hypothesis of a "regularity of error."

Natural Logic: Exploring Decision and Intuition

Business & Money

Dell'Orco, Silvia

Maldonato, Mauro

Management & Leadership

Liverpool University Press

Theoretical studies and experimental research in the fields of psychology and cognitive neurosciences have demonstrated the role of unpredictability and uncertainty in decisions that individuals make in everyday life. The process of decision-making in the real world does not correspond to any formal model, even when it occurs in "ideal" conditions (e.g. after lengthy reflection or on the basis of available and pertinent information), but rather is conditioned by distorted representation, generated by a host of chaotic and fluctuating factors, making optimal responses highly unlikely. Research has shown that our brain does not use normative models of reasoning, but rather a sort of evolutive rationality, an ongoing process since the beginning of the species to be adaptively more effective. In addition, subjective and inter-individual factors also act on the decision: the willingness to take on the task; its risk assessment; the courage and personality of the decision-maker; his or her decision-making styles; the fear of possible future consequences; and more. Asymmetries between models of rational choice and the concrete behavior of people are evident also in the field of law, such as canon law-with its demonstration of consent, and in the matrimonial institution, which may be subject to coercive influences-as well as in other law-related areas. Expert contributors, from fields of neuroscience and psychology, examine the possible defects in the informal choice criteria-as determined by the interface and interference of cognitive and contextual elements in the evaluation of the problem to hand and of available information-in order to determine measurable degrees of certainty/uncertainty. [Subject: Psychology, Philosophy, Language Studies, Sociology, Brain & Consciousness, Comparative Studies, Law]

Decision-Making and Law: Normative Rationality or Evolutive Rationality?

Self-Help

Motivational

Sussex Academic Press

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