Book History is devoted to every aspect of the history of the book, broadly defined as the history of the creation, dissemination, and reception of script and print. It publishes research on the social, economic, and cultural history of author- ship, editing, printing, the book arts, publishing, the book trade, periodicals, newspapers, ephemera, copyright, censorship, literary agents, libraries, literary criticism, canon formation, literacy, literary education, reading habits, and reader response.

Book History (Volume 13)

Ezra Greenspan

The Pennsylvania State University Press

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The Sleep of Reason: Primitivism in Modern European Art and Aesthetics, 1725–1907

Arts & Photography

Connelly, Frances S.

History & Criticism

Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice

Business & Money

Nembhard, Jessica Gordon

Economics

William Thompson (1824-1907), later Lord Kelvin, was the foremost scientific figure of an age that saw the quest of classical physics concluded and marked the beginning of the modern era of atomic physics and relativity. Kelvin's role in the 19th-century scientific revolution can be compared with Newton's position in the 17th century and Einstein's in the 20th. 
Kelvin meets no simple definition of scientist-engineer. The reader of his biography will be introduced to an extraordinary figure of a past era who in no way fits the image of the modern specialist. It is just this characteristic of Kelvin's life that will take readers, scientists and nonscientists, into the wider universe of technological innovation derived from scientific theory. Kelvin's ideas are expressed in words, not in the language of mathematics.
Kelvin directly influenced James Clerk Maxwell, whose work culminated in the electromagnetic theory of light, the theory that ushered in the modern period of electrical science and technology. Kelvin's work on the Atlantic cable shortened the space between Europe and America from weeks to seconds. His controversy with the Darwinians resulted in one of the few scientific debates that the Victorian public followed.
Kelvin was the nonpareil scientist of the 19th century, and his biography encompasses the dynamic scientific changes of the Victorian age.

Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian

Biographies & Memoirs

Harold Issadore Sharlin

Tiby Sharlin

Historical

A history of timepieces made in Pennsylvania from William Penn's time to the present, this book is more than a compendium of clock and watchmakers and their work. With abundant illustrations and lore from historians in every part of the state, it recreates a time when clock and watchmaking was not a mere occupation: it was truly a craft. The author attributes this characteristic to the Keystone State's unusually varied population, and explores the various "old world" influences affecting the design and style of timepieces.
The story of clock and watchmaking from colonial Philadelphia to Pittsburgh's Golden Triangle is a major chapter in the history of industry, trade, tastemaking, and craftsmanship. Clocks of finely carved wood decorated the homes of prosperous early settlers, and golden watchcases adorned their persons; meanwhile, clocks on Independence Hall and other public buildings measured the hours for the general citizenry. As time passed, more utilitarian clocks graced schools and factories, while Hamilton watches kept the trains running on time. Resisting the temptation to lower standards for the sake of mass production, Pennsylvania clock and watchmakers gained fame for their high-quality craftsmanship. The making of clocks and watches is detailed by Dr. Gibbs from its beginning in the southeastern counties of William Penn Country, through the Pennsylvania Dutch Country and the center of the Commonwealth, and on to the state's northern and western frontiers.
The craftsmen are presented in historical context, with emphasis on their social and educational backgrounds and the effect of these on their timepieces. Separate sections focus on illustrious clockmakers such as the Ellicott and Solliday families, Jacob Detweiler Custer, and the master of horology and astronomy, Dr. David Rittenhouse.
Pennsylvania Clocks and Watches is an indispensable handbook for the experienced collector and a stimulating guide for the beginner. It is also a valuable reference for students of industrial and social history, design, and folkways.

Pennsylvania Clocks and Watches: Antique Timepieces and Their Makers

Gibbs, James W.

Philadelphia merchants had strong ties with their Chinese counterparts for almost a century before American Independence and for 164 years before the establishment of diplomatic relations or other official contacts. This book traces the evolution of those ties. The story begins with the establishment of the port of Philadelphia, which soon became America's largest, and ends with the first Sino-American treaty, which restructured the earlier informal relationships and signaled a decline in trade between the Delaware estuary and the China coast.In its heyday Philadelphia controlled about one-third of the United States trade with China, and the traders' profits provided substantial capital for industry and public institutions. As Hilary Conroy writes in his foreword: "The author began his research by immersing himself in the then recently opened Stephen Girard Papers. He found, somewhat to his surprise, that they did not seem to forecast the racism which was later to poison American-Chinese relations." The author concludes that Sino-American relations have never been significantly improved over those manifested in Philadelphia's old China trade.

PHILADELPHIA AND THE CHINA TRADE, 1682–1846: Commercial, Cultural, and Attitudinal Effects

History

Goldstein, Jonathan

Americas

Why does Shakespearean tragedy continue to move spectators even though Elizabethan philosophical assumptions have faded from belief? Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double seeks answers in the moment-by-moment dynamics of performance and response, and the Shakespearean text signals those possibilities.
Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double investigates the poetics of audience response. Approaching tragedy through the rhythms of spectatorial engagement and detachment ("aesthetic distance"), Kent Cartwright provides a performance-oriented and phenomenological perspective. Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double analyzes the development of the tragic audience as it oscillates between engagement—an immersion in narrative, character, and physical action—and detachment—a consciousness of its own comparative judgments, its doubts, and of acting and theatricality. Cartwright contends that the spectator emerges as a character implied and acted upon by the play. He supports his theory with close readings of individual plays from the perspective of a particular element of spectatorial response: the carnivalesque qualities of Romeo and Juliet; the rhythm of similitude, displacement, and wonder in the audience's relationships to Hamlet; aesthetic distance as scenic structure in Othello; the influence of secondary characters and ensemble acting on the Quarto King Lear; and spectatorship as action itself in Antony and Cleopatra.
Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double treats the dramatic moment in Shakespearean tragedy as uncommonly charged, various, indeterminate, always negotiating unpredictably between the necessary and the spontaneous. Cartwright argues that, for the audience, the very dynamism of tragedy confers a certain enfranchisement, and the spectator's experience emerges as analogous to, though different from, that of the protagonist. Through its own engagement and detachments the audience becomes the final performer creating the play's meaning.

Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double: The Rhythms of Audience Response

Literature & Fiction

Cartwright, Kent

Dramas & Plays

xxix + 298 pages + 283 plates including 3 appendices, history of the city and the excavation of the site with bw illustrations and plates

Cosa III: The Buildings of the Forum : Colony, Municipium, and Village (MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME)

Politics & Social Sciences

Brown, Frank Edward Et. Al.

Archaeology

Anyone who wishes to learn the sport of fencing will find the basic elements necessary to begin in Foil, Saber, and Épée Fencing. The already accomplished fencer will find the answers to methodology and strategies by which to overcome one's opponent in tournament play. The coach and teacher is herein presented with lesson plans by which to chart a student's progress. The administrator is advised of the safety factors and range of liability to consider while incorporating fencing into a sports program. 
Three eminent coaches, each with a wide range of international experience, present their methods of teaching, which are compatible for the student choosing to learn the skills necessary in more than one weapon. Excellent photographs and diagrams illustrate the concepts, and an extensive annotated bibliography provides the reader with a wide selection of research materials. Late in the summer of 1993 new rule changes were adopted by the United States Fencing Association. These changes, which go into effect with the start of the 1993–94 fencing season, are included in this manual.
Foil, Saber, and Épée Fencing. also traces the transition of the art of duelling from the combat arena to the sports arena.

Foil, Saber, and Épée Fencing: Skills, Safety, Operations, and Responsibilities

Sports & Outdoors

Garret, Maxwell R.

Kaidanov, Emmanuil

Pezza, Gil

Individual Sports

Based on the largely neglected Nicholson manuscripts, this book throws new light on the crucial importance of land speculation in the post-Revolutionary period, and on the career of a man who became the leading speculator in Pennsylvania and one of the chief land jobbers in the new nation. Nicholson, rather than his partner, Robert Morris, is shown to be the prime mover in the Federal City Project. It is also revealed that some of Nicholson's promotional efforts won the praise of President Washington. Several myths are dispelled—for instance, by showing that some of the allegedly mythical settlements in Kentucky were quite real. Most important, Professor Arbuckle reveals how Nicholson's dual career, as political idealist and financial gambler, stemmed from his unbounded faith in the potential growth of the infant republic. 
The book begins with Nicholson's use of his position as a state official for speculative purposes. It examines his roles as a founder of the National Democratic Party, a promoter of a settlement (Asylum) for French émigrés, a planner and developer of Washington, D.C., and an entrepreneur in the export trade, iron and textile manufacturing, and steamboat promotion. It ends with his evasion of creditors and his death in debtor's prison at age 43, leaving a wife and eight children and debts of over twelve million dollars.

Pennsylvania Speculator and Patriot: The Entrepreneurial John Nicholson, 1757-1800

Arbuckle, Robert D.

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