Guns Violence and Identity Among African American and Latino Youth (Criminal Justice)

Deanna Lyn Wilkinson

LFB Scholarly Publishing

Oakes compares disability discrimination laws in Canada and the United States. He argues that in the United States, disability law has failed to achieve many of its objectives. Indeed, in American courts, disability plaintiffs almost always lose. By comparison, in Canada plaintiffs win more frequently. Canadian disability protections rely on human rights laws, which are quasi-constitutional and broadly construed. By contrast, in the United States, the definition of disability under the ADA is more limited. Considering the theoretical basis for disability protections and the desirability of extending accommodations in both employment and education, Oakes concludes that disability laws require reform in both countries: in Canada passage of proactive legislation and in the U.S. a refined ADA.

Perspectives on Disability, Discrimination, Accommodations, and Law (Law and Society)

Oakes, Wayne Thomas

Specialties

Parks finds that both spatial and social accessibility matter in connecting immigrants to jobs and that gender saliently shapes immigrant labor markets.Parks finds that both spatial and social accessibility matter in connecting immigrants to jobs and that gender saliently shapes immigrant labor markets. She shows how geography sustains labor market segregation among immigrants and points to a reciprocal and reinforcing relationship between ethnic residential segregation and ethnic labor market segregation. This relationship is particularly acute for some immigrant women, possibly stemming from their gendered domestic roles and reliance upon neighborhood- and household-based social networks. The collective results of this study illustrate the importance of household, neighborhood, and geography in shaping the gendered immigrant labor markets of Los Angeles.

The Geography of Immigrant Labor Markets: Space, Networks, and Gender (The New Americans: Recent Immigration And American Society)

Politics & Social Sciences

Parks, Virginia

Social Sciences

<p>O Connell asks whether prisoners who establish social bonds in the reentry process fare better than those who do not. His analysis tests whether life course approaches to desistance are applicable to modern, largely minority, heavily drug involved criminal justice populations. By accounting for stable individual traits and testing race in separate models rather than as a variable, O Connell shows how reentering offenders with different backgrounds engage in relationships and employment, and how these relations in turn affect drug use and recidivism. Life course approaches may require modification to account for racial differences, and we need to reconsider our definitions of success and to think in terms of harm reduction in approaching criminal justice interventions.</p>

Prisoner Reentry And the Life Course: The Role of Race And Drugs (Criminal Justice)

Daniel J. O'Connell

Catalano explains how changes in social perceptions of crime have contributed to increased correspondence in how both police and victims respond to crime. This correspondence between victim and police crime statistics raises important questions regarding public and official responses to crime over time. In addition, Catalano finds that increases in domestic violence legislation have contributed to increased police recording of aggravated assault.

The Measurement of Crime: Victim Reporting And Police Recording (Criminal Justice)

Shannan M. Catalano

Uprooting Children: Mobility, Social Capital, and Mexican-American Underachievement (The New Americans)

A critical issue facing U.S. schools is the persistent disparity in achievement between racial/ethnic groups. The achievement gap is particularly pronounced for Mexican-Americans. By employing mixed-methods research techniques, Read links emergent literature on social capital with research on student mobility to investigate student performance among Mexican-American and non-Latino White adolescents. Findings underscore the prevalence of student mobility, particularly among Mexican-origin youth, and its impingement on both the availability and convertibility of the resources embedded in their social networks. Results also suggest that minority and non-minority students fortify social ties in different ways, and that these differences have implications for the educational utility of social capital. A critical issue facing U.S. schools is the persistent disparity in achievement between racial/ethnic groups. The achievement gap is particularly pronounced for Mexican-Americans. By employing mixed-methods research techniques, Read links emergent literature on social capital with research on student mobility to investigate student performance among Mexican-American and non-Latino White adolescents. Findings underscore the prevalence of student mobility, particularly among Mexican-origin youth, and its impingement on both the availability and convertibility of the resources embedded in their social networks. Results also suggest that minority and non-minority students fortify social ties in different ways, and that these differences have implications for the educational utility of social capital.

Robert Ketner Ream

<p>Monroe investigates the success of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act at reducing homicide. Using data from the 1989 1997 Uniform Crime Reports: Supplemental Homicide Reports, Monroe conducts differences-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) analyses. Monroe s results indicate that Brady had no effect on overall adult homicide rates and caused a statistically insignificant decline in adult handgun homicide rates. Contrary to an anticipated substitution effect wherein the use of long guns in homicide would increase as handguns became more difficult to acquire Brady s implementation is significantly related to a decrease in the use of rifles, shotguns and other non-handgun firearms to commit homicide.</p>

Homicide and Gun Control: The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act and Homicide Rates (Criminal Justice: Recent Scholarship)

Jeffrey D. Monroe

Narevic proposes that motivation for substance abuse treatment involves complex social factors rather than being solely an internal attribute of an individual. She offers a model for evaluating how characteristics of prisoners relationships with parents, siblings, sexual partners, and peers affect their problem recognition and desire for help. Analyses of data from 661 interviews with Kentucky state prisoners yield surprising results, for example, having social relations, particularly siblings, with a history of substance abuse increases recognition of the problem and desire for help. Naevic s findings have implications for criminal justice and health care practices and include suggestions for motivational assessment questions and reentry planning strategies that aim to facilitate released prisoners entry into aftercare programs.

Social Relations and Motivation for Substance Abuse Treatment Among Prisoners (Criminal Justice: Recent Scholarship)

Egle Narevic

Jendian provides a snapshot of the oldest Armenian community in the western United States. He explores assimilation and ethnicity across four generations and examines ethnic identity and intermarriage. He examines cultural, structural, marital, and identificational assimilation for patterns of change (assimilation) and persistence (ethnicity). Assimilation and ethnicity co-exist as two, somewhat independent, processes. Assimilation is not a unilinear or zero-sum phenomenon, but rather multidimensional and multidirectional. Future research must understand the forms ethnicity takes for different generations of different groups while examining patterns of change and persistence for the fourth generation and beyond.

Becoming American, Remaining Ethnic: The Case of Armenian-Americans in Central California (The New Americans: Recent Immigration and American Society)

Matthew A. Jendian

Using data from 16 years of the General Social Surveys, Legault examines changes in HGO over time. A number of hypotheses to explain changes in HGO reporting are evaluated and tested including differential reporting by men and women (Gender Gap), changes in household makeup and population, the urbanization of America, and an actual reduction in overall firearms ownership. These hypotheses are tested using logistic regression, logistic fixed-effects models, and changing parameter models. Results of these tests imply that recent reductions in HGO may not be as pronounced as once thought, and are due to a complex interplay of a variety of demographic changes in the U.S. population.

Trends in American Gun Ownership (Criminal Justice: Recent Scholarship)

Richard L. Legault

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