Report on excavations carried out between 1952 and 1958, consisting of a series of soundings designed to establish the history of the site, its stratigraphy and architecture from its earliest occupation (Neolithic) to the Roman period.

Excavations at Jericho Volume Three: The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell

History

Kenyon, Kathleen M.

Holland, T. A.

Ancient Civilizations

Council for British Research in the Levant

Classification, illustration and brief discussion of the tell type series of pottery excavated at Tell es-Sultan, related to the six major periods of occupation.

Excavations at Jericho, Vol. 4: The Pottery Type Series and Other Finds

Kathleen Mary Kenyon

T.A. Holland

The final Jericho report with further description, classification and discussion of the pottery and other finds ranging from flints to jewellery.

Excavations at Jericho: Volume FIve: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds

The Crusaders' settlement of Palestine in the 12th and 13th centuries has been seen in terms of the domination of a native peasantry by an alien military elite and as Europe's first experiment in overseas colonization. This monograph attempts to shed light on the effects that the crusader conquest of AD 1099 would have on the pattern of settlement in the country by considering one particular part of it, the central Sharon Plain. In 1983 excavations conducted by the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem at the Red Tower, a small Crusader castle situated in the centre of the plain, were combined with a programme of archaeological field survey in the surrounding region. There are chapters on history and architecture, as well as a full descriptive gazetteer of sites in the central Sharon plain occupied between 1099 and 1516, giving an invaluable picture of the impact the Crusaders had on the region.

The Red Tower (al-Burj al Ahmar). Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluk A.D. 1099-1516 (British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem Monograph)

Pringle, Denys

This is an updated and revised second edition of a handbook originally prepared for the XVIIIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies in Amman, Jordan in 2000 - a reflection of the growing importance of Roman studies in Jordan in recent years. In Part A, there are chapters on Roman Jordan, geography and environment, the Romans in Jordan and the Roman army there. In Part B there are 15 chapters surveying, region by region, the evidence of forts, towers, roads, literary texts, inscriptions and excavation, around the entire country and ending with a chapter on the immediately adjacent parts of Roman Arabia that now lie in Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel. The book is profusely illustrated throughout and has many aerial views including 20 full-page photographs in colour.

The Roman Army in Jordan

KENNEDY, DAVID

Jordan is part both of the Fertile Crescent and the Holy Land. Its archaeological remains extend in time from prehistory to the British Empire. The country is, of course, renowned for the magnificent ruins at Petra - a World Heritage Site - and the superb remains of the Roman city of Jerash. But beyond these high profile places is a rich and varied cultural heritage. Sites are everywhere in this great outdoor museum: one tally has calculated over 25,000 sites visible above ground alone, making Jordan one of the great treasure houses of the world. Even at ground level these sites are striking and memorable, but the best view, as is so often the case, is seen from the air. The book contains over 200 high quality colour photographs, taken from the air, illustrating the breathtaking range of sites. Chapters deal with periods through history from prehistoric times through the Nabateans, Greeks and Romans, the early Islamic period, the Crusaders and Saracens, to the Ottoman and British Empires. The photographs are accompanied by descriptions of the sites pictured.

Ancient Jordan from the Air

Bewley, Robert

Middle East

The Troodos Mountains, in central Cyprus, is a region of great physical and cultural diversity. The....

Landscape and Interaction: Methodology, Analysis and Interpretation: Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project, Vol 1 (Levant Supplementary Series)

Knapp, A. Bernard

Given, Michael

Noller, Jay

Sollars, Luke

Kassianidou, Vasiliki

The TAESP Landscape, the second of two volumes, presents an area-by-area analysis of the fieldwork and research undertaken by the Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project (TAESP) in the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Covering four regions of the survey area (The Plains, Karkotis Valley, Upper Lagoudhera Valley and The Mountains) the volume focuses on explicit research questions appropriate to each region. Organised geographically, chronologically and thematically, each region is investigated from the Neolithic to the present day and, through ‘Intensive Survey Zones’ – selected to give a representative range of the physical and cultural terrain – many notable new discoveries are made. These include the pattern of Bronze Age Settlement in the Plains, Archaic rural sanctuaries and cemeteries, the scope of Late Roman copper-mining and isolated Medieval mountain settlements. The TAESP Landscape provides a fully integrated and data-rich analysis of the material from a wide range of contrasting archaeological perspectives. Taken together, these wide-ranging and interdisciplinary perspectives give a nuanced and sensitive approach to a strikingly multi-faceted landscape.

Landscape and Interaction, Troodos Survey Vol 2: The TAESP Landscape (Levant Supplementary Series)

The archaeological site of Tell Nebi Mend, a tell on the Homs plain in present-day Syria, is universally recognised as the location, first, of Qadesh (or Kadesh), where, in c. 1286 BC, the armies of Ramesses II of Egypt and Muwatalli II of Great Hatti fought the most famous battle of pre-classical antiquity, and, second, of Laodicea ad Libanum, founded most probably in the 3rd century BC as the capital of a district of the Seleucid empire. Collaborative excavations undertaken over 12 seasons aimed to fill a major gap in archaeological knowledge between the northern and southern Levant and to develop an understanding of the archaeology and early history of the Levantine Corridor independent of, and supplementing, that based on Palestinian and Biblical research. The primary aim was to obtain as complete a sequence as possible of cultural and environmental data, sampling all periods of the site’s occupation, which included Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Hellenistic/Roman deposits, enclosures and defenses spanning the 7th millennium BC to the mid-1st millennium AD. A definitive classification of all types of Syrian pottery over two millennia was established, together with a much longer sequence of pottery, stone, metal and bone implements, terracottas and other cultural remains, accompanied by a wealth of environmental data and a series of radiometric dates. The earliest settlement so far discovered at Tell Nebi Mend dates to the first half of the 7th millennium BC and is the subject of this volume. Five phases of occupation were recognized with architectural features including, at different times, house structures and remains of larger, probably communal, buildings, along with remains of plaster, floor surfaces, fire and rubbish pits and burials, followed by large-scale abandonment. More than 2000 sherds of Neolithic pottery and 1400 flint and obsidian artifacts were recovered. Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Part I: General introduction 1 The site and the excavations, Peter J. Parr Part II: The Pottery Neolithic occupation 2 Stratigraphy and chronology, Virginia Mathias and Peter J. Parr 3 Human burials, Virginia Mathias and Theya Molleson 4 The pottery, Virginia Mathias 5 The flint and obsidian artefacts, Lorraine Copeland† 6 Miscellaneous objects, White Ware and a textile impression, Virginia Mathias 7 Animal husbandry and domestication, Caroline Grigson 8 The charred plant remains, Wendy Smith and Lisa Moffett Part III: The Enclosure 9 The Enclosure, Peter J. Parr Bibliography Index

Excavations at Tell Nebi Mend, Syria: Volume I (Levant Supplementary Series)

The Great Bend of the Euphrates River in North Syria and Southeast Anatolia was a strategic nexus of communications between different parts of the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean. In spite of its potential for inter-regional studies, the area was largely neglected in the 20th century following the pioneering investigations of Sir Leonard Woolley, T. E. Lawrence and others at the historically renowned city of Carchemish. Modern dam-building near the city led to the excavation of threatened sites and these have revealed a much more complex picture in which, rather than simply a conduit for inter-regional networks, the bend attracted a unique concentration of varied communities from Neolithic times onwards. Jerablus Tahtani, a multi-period tell site beside Carchemish, was excavated by a team from the University of Edinburgh from 1992 to 2004 within the framework of the international Tishrin Dam Salvage program. Results shed new light on the Uruk expansion in the 4th millennium BC, extraordinary Euphrates flood episodes in the 3rd millennium BC, the ‘second urban revolution’ in Early Bronze Age Syria and prehistoric developments at neighboring Carchemish.  This volume, the first major report on the site, deals with stratified mortuary evidence found at a Bronze Age fort that was built over the destroyed remains of an early 3rd millennium village. Most of the 70 graves belong to the time when Ebla claimed supremacy of the area. They are considered in terms of the role of burials in site abandonment processes. Special attention is given to a monumental tomb incongruously located at the entrance to this small fort. Its creation and life history are evaluated in the context of other highly conspicuous mortuary facilities in the region—monuments that served as places of social memory and vehicles for structuring a distinctive regional political trajectory within the Bronze Age of the Ancient Near East.Table of ContentsList of Figures ixList of Tables xiiList of Plates xivAbbreviations xvii1. Introduction (Edgar Peltenburg) 11.1 B ackground 11.2 The Jerablus plain 21.3 Previous notices and investigations of the site 41.4 The site 51.5 R esearch issues 61.6 Excavation and recording 61.7 Deposition of material 91.8 Layout of the volume 91.9 A cknowledgments 102. The regional setting of Jerablus Tahtani (T. J. Wilkinson and Katleen Deckers) 132.1 Tell Jerablus Tahtani in context 132.2 Vegetation in the Jerablus environment during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age:evidence of charcoal 203. Chronology (Edgar Peltenburg and Derek Hamilton) 243.1 S ummary of site periods 243.2 R adiocarbon dating and Bayesian modelling at Jerablus 273.3 C ommentary: Bayesian modelling and ceramics 304. The mortuary facilities and their contents (Edgar Peltenburg, Diane Bolger, Stuart Campbell, Adam Jackson,Dorothy A. Lunt, Zissis Parras, Graham Philip, Paola Sconzo and Marie E. Watt) 374.1 I ntroduction 374.2 G eneral location and relative chronology of Period IIB graves 374.3 Period II grave typology 394.4 Period III grave typology 444.5 The catalogue 444.6 Period IB grave 444.7 Period IIB Tomb 302 454.7.1 Main Chamber — Tomb Phases 1–4 464.7.2 A nnex — Tomb Phase 1 624.7.3 Entrance — Tomb Phase 1 634.7.4 Walls — Tomb Phase 1 644.7.5 Mound — Tomb Phase 1 654.7.6 G eneral and unstratified 674.8 Period II graves 674.9 A n Early Bronze Age tomb group from Tell Alawiyeh in the British Museum 904.10 Period III graves 95Contentsvi4.11 Period V graves 964.12 A dditional human remains 965. The mortuary population (Dorothy A. Lunt, Zissis Parras, Catriona Pickard and Marie E. Watt) 985.1 The human dentitions 985.2 The human remains 1045.3 S table isotope analysis of human and animal remains 1156. Pottery of the Early Bronze and Uruk periods — summary (Diane Bolger and Edgar Peltenburg) 1186.1 Early Bronze Age vessel types from mortuary contexts 1186.2 Pottery of the Uruk period 1187. Metalwork from mortuary contexts at Jerablus (Graham Philip) 1277.1 Weapons 1277.2 O rnaments 1307.3 Tools 1367.4 Manufacture, metallurgy and technology 1367.5 O verall patterns 1397.6 C onclusions 1407.7 A ppendix. Metal objects from Iron Age graves 1418. Metals from Early Bronze Age burial assemblages collected between 1911 and 1920 by D. G. Hogarth,C . L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence in the Central Euphrates and Sajur River regions of Syria(Peter Northover and Kay Prag) 1438.1 I ntroduction 1438.2 The regional extent of the collection 1448.3 The security of the provenances 1448.4 The geographical contexts of analysed materials 1458.5 C atalogue 1518.6 Typology and dating evidence for validity of groups 1588.7 S ome conclusions to sections 8.1–6 1638.8 A nalysis of metalwork in the Woolley Collection, Ashmolean Museum 1649. Other objects, including personal ornaments and figurines (Kathy Eremin, Adam Jackson, Carole McCartney,Edgar Peltenburg and Andrew Shortland) 1729.1 Personal ornaments 1729.1.1 B eads 1739.1.2 Pendants 1779.1.3 N ecklaces 1799.1.4 B ead string attached to pin 1809.1.5 Pins 1819.1.6 C onclusions 1819.2 Third millennium beads: analyses 1829.3 G old 1899.4 I vory 1899.5 C lay figurines 1909.5.1 A nthropomorphs 1909.5.2 Z oomorphs 1919.6 Miscellaneous clay objects 1929.6.1 Model wheels 1929.6.2 Tiles 1929.6.3 Modified sherd 1939.6.4 U nbaked clay device 1939.7 B one objects 1939.7.1 I ncised tubes 1939.7.2 Pin/needle 1949.8 S hell objects 194vii9.8.1 I nlay or pendant 1949.8.2 Eggshells 1949.9 G round stone artefacts from funerary contexts 1959.9.1 Typology 1959.9.2 Discussion 1969.10 Miscellaneous objects 1979.11 N ote on chipped stone from funerary contexts 1989.11.1 The samples 1989.11.2 Discussion of context 1989.12 Period III bone pin 19910. A nimal remains (Paul Croft) 20110.1 Tomb 302 animal remains 20110.2 A nimal remains from the graves 20911. The charred plant remains from Tomb 302 (Sue Colledge and Chris Stevens) 21111.1 I ntroduction 21111.2 C harred plant materials in the Tomb 302 samples 21111.3 C rops 21611.4 Wild taxa 21711.5 Dung, parenchymatous tissue 21811.6 S ummary of samples 21911.7 Early Bronze Age crops 21912. Mollusca (Janet Ridout-Sharpe) 22112.1 I ntroduction 22112.2 Molluscan samples 22112.3 Molluscan small finds 22212.4 Discussion and conclusions 22413. Jerablus mortuary practices in their local and regional contexts (Edgar Peltenburg) 22513.1 A late 4th millennium BC secondary burial of Period IB22513.2 G eneral characteristics of the Period IIB burials 22813.3 C hildren at Early Bronze Age Jerablus 23213.4 Possible evidence for secondary treatments in Period IIB 23213.5 Mortuary practices and site abandonment processes in the later 3rd millennium BC23313.6 Tomb 302: introduction 23613.7 Tomb 302 Phase 1A: the invention of a tradition 23613.8 Tomb 302 Phases 1B–D: funerary rites 24413.9 Tomb 302 Phase 1E–2: desecration and abandonment 24613.10 Tomb 302 Phase 3: re-visiting the ancestors 24813.11 Tomb 302 and developments of the mortuary domain in pathways to power 25213.12 The persistence of an invented tradition? 25413.13 The Late Iron Age graves of Period III256Appendix 1. Plate and page references for Jerablus mortuary facilities 257Appendix 2. C oncordance of registered small find numbers and grave catalogue numbers 259Appendix 3. S ummary of Tomb 302 units 266Appendix 4. S herd join analysis from all components of Tomb 302 269Bibliography 272Plates 292Arabic Summary 372

Tell Jerablus Tahtani, Syria, I: Mortuary Practices at an Early Bronze Age Fort on the Euphrates River. (Levant Supplementary Series)

Peltenburg, Edgar

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