This monograph is not confined to mechanical twinning in the narrow sense (lattice reorientation in re sponse to mechanical stress); it deals also with many effects related to mechanical twinning. such as formation of reoriented regions in response to high temperatures (martensite transformations. recrystallization twins). elec tric fields (ferroelectric domains). and magnetiC fields (magnetic domains). Mechanical reorientation is discussed for classical twinning and also for an inhomogeneous distribution of residual stresses (irrational twinning. kinking. and so on). Mechanical twinning in the narrow sense (regular. symmetrical lattice reorientation in response to me chanical stress) was for many years a specialist topic for mineralogists. petrographers. and crystallographers. Mineralogists and crystallographers carried out the study of the basic geometrical relationships in twinning; the principal names here are MUgge, Niggli. Johnsen. Reusch. Baumhauer. Churchman. Wallerant. Evans. and FriedeL The laws of mechanical twinning are now widely used in mineral identification and in elucidating the conditions of formation of rocks from the minerals they contain. The distribution of the twin bands in rock forming minerals enables one to establish the later processes that have occurred in the rock. Mechanical twinning is discussed by geOlogiSts and petrologists in the analYSis of flow effects. The importance of mechanical twinning in the plastic deformation and rupture of crystalline solids was W stressed by Academician V. I. Vernadskii in 1897 and by Kirpicheva ina paper entitled WFatigue in Metals in 1914.

Mechanical Twinning of Crystals

Science & Math

M. V. Klassen-Neklyudova

J.E.S. Bradley (trans)

Mathematics

Consultants Bureau

Deep seismiC sounding was proposed by G. A. Gamburtsev and developed under his guid ance during the period 1948-1955 at the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. During that period also, the first geophysical results concerning the deep structure of the earth's crust in several regions in Tien-Shan, the Pamir, and Turkmenia were observed. Beginning with 1956, the deep seismic sounding method has been used widely by geo physical research groups as well as by geophysical service organizations for regional studies in the USSR. Descriptions of this work have been given in reports by Yu. N. Godin, V. V. Fedynskii, D. N. Kazanli, and others. New variants of the deep seismic sounding method have been developed; continuous profiling (Yu. N. Godin, and others), and point soundings (N. N. Puzyrev, and others). Deep seismic soundings have been carried on outside of Russia also, and studies have been carried out on the use of the deep seismic sounding method in marine applications (E. I. Gal'perin, S. M. Zverev, 1. P. Kosminskaya, Yu. P. Neprochnov, and others). OVer the past decade, the deep seismic sounding method has joined the suite of geo physical studies as a highly detailed method for studying the earth's crust and upper mantle to depths of 50 to 100 km on land, and of 15 to 25 km in the deep oceans.

Deep Seismic Sounding of the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle

Engineering & Transportation

I.P. Kosminskaia

Engineering

We started our work on theoretical methods in the phys ics of high pressures (in connec tion with geophysical applications) in 1956, and we immediately encountered many problems. Naturally, we searched the published Iiterature for solutions to these problems but whenever we failed to find a solution or when the solution did not satisfy us, we attempted to solve the problern ourselves. We realized that other investigators working in the physics of high pres sures would probably encounter the same problems and doubts. Therefore, we decided to write this book in order to save our colleagues time and effort. Apart from the descriptions of ex perimental methods, the book deals only with those problems which we encountered in our own work. Allproblems in high-pressure physics have, at present, only approximate solutions, which are very rough. Therefore, it is not surprising that different investigators approach the same problems in different ways. Our approach does not prejudge the issue and we are fully aware that there are other points of view. Our aim was always to solve a glven problern on a physical basis. For example, the concept of the Grüneisenparameter needs further develop ment but it is based on reliable physical ideas. On the other hand, Simon's equation for the melting curve has, in our opinion, no clear physical basis and is purely empirical. Equations of this type are useful in systematic presentation of the experimental material but they are un suitable for any major extrapolation.

Equations of State for Solids at High Pressures and Temperatures

V.N. Zharkov

Ultrasonic Rolling and Drawing of Metals

Vasilii Petrovich Severdenko

Motile Muscle and Cell Models

Nikolai Iosifovich Arronet

Health, Fitness & Dieting

A Configurational Model of Matter (1973)

The book we are presenting to American and other English speaking readers is a review of the work on the electron struc ture of elements, alloys, and compounds, which was started back in the fifties. This work gradually grew into a system of ideas on the electron structure of condensed matter which is now known as the configurational model. This model is based on the assumption of the preferential formation of the most stable configurations of the localized va lence electrons in condensed matter. The existence of these stable configurations and the exchange of electrons with the de localized (collective-state) subsystem determines those prop erties which are related to the electron structure. The conclu sions which can be drawn from the applications of the configura tional model are only qualitative but they explain quite clearly the nature of various properties of condensed matter, and they are helpful in the search for materials with specified properties. The American edition has been corrected and supplemented in many minor respects. Moreover, the opportunity was taken to revise thoroughly the section on the fundamentals of the configura tional model in the light of the latest theoretical developments. other parts of the book have been shortened to eliminate material which is not of fundamental significance or has not yet been de veloped sufficiently fully.

A Configurational Model of Matter (Studies in Soviet Science)

Samsonov, G. V.

Pryadko, I. F.

Pryadko, L. F.

Tybulewicz, Albin, trans

Crystallization Processes under Hydrothermal Conditions (1973)

<p>This collection conta ins the results of a number of investiga tions which have been carried out in the Hydrothermal Synthesis Laboratory of the Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences of the USSR; it constitutes a continuation of an earlier collection which appeared in 1968: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystals. Problems associated with the synthesis of oxides, simple and complex sulfides, carbonates, silicates, and germanates are consid ered, and a great deal of factual material relating to the growth of single crystals of some of these compounds on a seed is presented. Some of the articles pay special attention to the kinetic asp ect of the growth of crystals; the conditions of growth are relat ed to the morphological characteristics of the growing faces, and the relationship between the habit of the crystals and the oomposi tion and constitution of the solutions is considered. A fair number of articles are concerned with the crystalliza tion of new compounds, most of which have now been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions for the very first time; these in clude ternary chalcohalides of composition AVBvIVVII. zirconates, lithium silicates, and germanates. The collection also contains a description of the apparatus used for precision measurements at high temperatures and pres sures. We hope that this publication will present a better idea of the special characteristics of the hydrothermal method of synthes izing and .growing crystals, and will prove useful to all those in terested in this field of knowledge.</p>

Crystallization Processes under Hydrothermal Conditions (Studies in Soviet Science)

A. N. Lobachev

Chemistry

The present stage of technological development makes new and ever more complex demands on materials that have to work under conditions of high temperature and pressure, in high vacuum, and in corrosive media. In consequence special importance is now at tached to the refractory compounds of transition metals of groups IV to VI with such nonmetals as boron, carbon, silicon, and nitro gen. These compounds possess high melting points, great hard ness, and high refractory and corrosion-resisting properties. The most widely used and important compounds of this type from a technological point of view are the carbides, which are already fairly widely used in various fields of technology. The present collection of papers contains the results of re cent investigations into methods of producing high-purity carbides and also components made of the carbides and their alloys. Great attention has been paid to the study of a wide range of properties of the carbides and of alloys based on them, viz., the electro-and thermophysical, thermodynamic, mechanical, and chemical prop erties, and also to the utilization of the carbides as wear-and abrasion-resistant materials. In contrast to many previous publications dealing with carbides, the results presented in this collection relate to the properties of carbides having a definite phase composition, corresponding to a higher degree of purity 0 In some of the contributions the physical and chemical properties of the carbides are interpreted in terms of certain solid-state models and concepts concerning the types of chemical bonding in these compounds.

Refractory Carbides

G. V. Samsonov

Stellarators (The Lebedev Physics Institute Series)

D. V. Skobel Tsyn

Western knowledge of progress in biomedical research in Russia is severely limited by the scarcity of Russian journals available to us as well as the fact that few of us can read Russian. Therefore, it is of special significance that this recent contribution to the Russian scientific literature has been trans lated into English. This publication, Thyroid Hormones, brings to us a detailed analysis of recent work in Russia, and in particular in the Laboratory of Hormone Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Uzbek SSR and the Laboratory of Pathological Physiology, Institute of Experi mental Endocrinology and Hormone Chemistry, Academy Medical of Science of the USSR. The review illustrates the parallel pathways of inves tigation taken by investigators in Russia and in the West, indicating where the results have complemented each other or stimulated new questions and approaches. Consequently, the book provides an excellent review of the contributions made by Russian scientists in thyroid research and couples it with Western thought on these subjects to produce a complete review of the thyroid hormones. The large amount of data provided and the inclusion of multiple view points toward specific problems provides an excellent survey of the mecha nisms of biosynthesis and control of hormone formation, physiological effects of the hormones, and the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid hormone action.

Thyroid Hormones: Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Mechanisms of Action

Ya Kh Turakulov

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