This is the 1999 edition of the Asian Development Bank's annual survey of economic progress in its developing member countries in Asia and the Pacific. First published in 1989, the Outlook provides a comprehensive yet concise overview of recent economic developments and current issues.

Asian Development Outlook 1999

Business & Money

Asian Development Bank

Economics

Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia (Cerc Monograph Series in Comparative and International Education and Develoment)

Bray, Mark

Lykins, Chad

Education & Reference

Food Security in Asia and the Pacific

Industries

Women's economic empowerment is essential for more inclusive growth in Cambodia. This publication takes stock of major gender issues in the Cambodian economy seen through the lens of women's participation, benefit, and agency-the three prerequisites for a fairer distribution of growth benefits. It examines labor market trends and obstacles to women's economic empowerment-particularly in agriculture, business development, and wage employment. Labor migration and vulnerability to shocks are highlighted as special themes.

Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia

Reference

Growing the Non-Oil Economy: A Private Sector Assessment for Timor-Leste

This report highlights some emerging trends in Aid for Trade (AfT) and trade performance, and explores them in the context of the theme of the 5th Global Review of AfT: Reducing Trade Costs for Inclusive, Sustainable Growth. Divided into four chapters, the introduction sets the stage by describing general trends in trade costs, AfT, and inclusiveness; Chapter 2 introduces the idea and opportunities of e-commerce for the region; Chapter 3 analyzes trends in trade costs in Central, East, South, and Southeast Asia; and Chapter 4 offers an in-depth case study of AfT and trade costs in the Pacific.

Aid for Trade in Asia and the Pacific: Thinking Forward about Trade Costs and the Digital Economy

<p>This report was prepared with the primary objective of drawing insights on how Asian economic giants India and the People's Republic of China leveraged education and skills development to advance economic growth. The analysis presented similarities and differences in human capital development strategies and their outcomes that helped define development pathways between the two countries. It also outlined the prospects for human capital development in the sustainability of the two countries' economic growth. The report was completed in 2014 under the Development Partnership Program for South Asia: Innovative Strategies for Accelerated Human Resource Development in South Asia (TA-6337 REG).</p>

Human Capital Development in the People's Republic of China and India: Achievements, Prospects, and Policy Challenges

The Role of Community Colleges in Skills Development: Lessons from the Canadian Experience for Developing Asia

<p>With more than 140 countries currently offering or in transition to a kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) school education system, this study explores the experiences of four countries--Mongolia, the Philippines, Poland, and Turkey--and one Canadian province, Ontario, in preparing and implementing K-12 systems. Lessons learned from the five diverse jurisdictions are (i)&nbsp;align the education system with macropolicies, (ii) view transition to K-12 as part of a package of reforms, (iii)&nbsp;prioritize student learning improvement, (iv)&nbsp;consider teacher development as critical, (v) avoid high-stakes examinations, and (vi) focus on higherorder curriculum and assessments.</p>

Transitions to K-12 Education Systems: Experiences from Five Case Countries

The situation of women in Pakistan has improved over the last 2 decades. Human capital investments resulted in narrowing gender disparities in health and education access, as well as economic and political participation. Still, wide gender gaps remain within the context of persistent poverty and gender-biased cultural norms. This publication gives a broad analysis of the women's situation, describes the institutional efforts made toward closing gender gaps, and identifies enhancements to development programming assistance that could usher in gender equality.

Pakistan Country Gender Assessment, Volume 1: Overall Gender Analysis

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