Stephen Crane (1871-1900) was a controversial figure in American literature and journalism. In a literary career that lasted a mere decade he produced short stories, novellas, novels and poetry for which he was both lauded and reviled. With The Red Badge of Courage he entered the American canon. Despite Crane's lack of experience of war at the time of the novel's composition, it is a classic of realist war fiction. This book presents a representative selection of the reviews of Stephen Crane's books, beginning with the publication of his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), through the posthumously published last novel, The O'Ruddy (1903). Many of the reviews will be new to Crane scholars. The volume offers readers an insight into how Crane's reputation was formed and how it changed during his lifetime, ending with the shifts in emphasis upon his early death.

Stephen Crane: The Contemporary Reviews (American Critical Archives, Series Number 17)

Literature & Fiction

Monteiro, George

History & Criticism

Cambridge University Press

The life and career of American poet and writer Elizabeth Bishop falls into two distinct segments: the pre-Brazil years and the Brazil years and beyond. A creature of displacement from childhood, Bishop traveled to Brazil at the age of 40 for a two-week trip and unexpectedly stayed for most of the next two decades, a sojourn that marked her work indelibly. This study explores how Bishop's personal and literary experience in Brazil influenced her work culturally, historically, and linguistically, while she was in Brazil and following her return to the United States. Focusing on the "Brazilian" characteristics of Bishop's work as well as some of the major poems she composed before settling in Brazil, this volume offers fresh perspective on one of the 20th century's most celebrated writers.

Elizabeth Bishop in Brazil and After: A Poetic Career Transformed

Biographies & Memoirs

Arts & Literature

McFarland Company

"Wise old Vergil says in one of his Georgics, 'Praise large farms, stick to small ones,'" Robert Frost said. "Twenty acres are just about enough." Frost started out as a school teacher living the rural life of a would-be farmer, and later turned to farming full time when he bought a place of his own. After a sojourn in England where his first two books were published to critical acclaim, he returned to New England, acquired a new farm and became a rustic for much of the rest of his life. Frost claimed that all of his poetry was farm poetry. His deep admiration for Virgil's Georgics, or poems of rural life, inspired the creation of his own New England "georgics," his answer to the haughty 20th-century modernism that seemed certain to define the future of Western poetry. Like the "West-Running Brook" in his poem of the same name, Frost's poetry can be seen as an embodiment of contrariness.

Robert Frost's Poetry of Rural Life

"A poem is best read in the light of all the other poems ever written." So said Robert Frost in instructing readers on how to achieve poetic literacy. George Monteiro's newest book follows that dictum to enhance our understanding of Frost's most valuable poems by demonstrating the ways in which they circulate among the constellations of great poems and essays of the New England Renaissance. Monteiro reads Frost's own poetry not against "all the other poems ever written" but in the light of poems and essays by his precursors, particularly Emerson, Thoreau, and Dickinson. Familiar poems such as "Mending Wall," "After Apple-Picking," "Birches," "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," "The Road Not Taken," and "Mowing," as well as lesser known poems such as "The Draft Horse," "The Ax-Helve," "The Bonfire," "Dust of Snow," "A Cabin in the Clearing," "The Cocoon," and "Pod of the Milkweed," are renewed by fresh and original readings that show why and how these poems pay tribute to their distinguished sources. Frost's insistence that Emerson and Thoreau were the giants of nineteenth-century American letters is confirmed by the many poems, variously influenced, that derive from them. His attitude toward Emily Dickinson, however, was more complex and sometimes less generous. In his twenties he molded his poetry after hers. But later, after he joined the faculty of Amherst College, he found her to be less a benefactor than a competitor. Monteiro tells a two-stranded tale of attraction, imitation, and homage countered by competition, denigration, and grudging acceptance of Dickinson's greatness as a woman poet. In a daring move, he composes―out of Frost's own words and phrases―the talk on Emily Dickinson that Frost was never invited to give. In showing how Frost's work converses with that of his predecessors, Monteiro gives us a new Frost whose poetry is seen as the culmination of an intensely felt New England literary experience.

Robert Frost and the New England Renaissance

University Press of Kentucky

Of the great epic poets in the Western tradition, Luis Vaz de Camões (c. 1524- 1580) remains perhaps the least known outside his native Portugal, and his influence on literature in English has not been fully recognized. In this major work of comparative scholarship, George Monteiro thus breaks new ground, focusing on English-language writers whose vision and expression have been sharpened by their varied responses to Camões. Introduced to English readers in 1655, Camões's work from the beginning appealed strongly to writers. The young Elizabeth Barrett's Camonean poems, for example, inspired Edgar Allan Poe to appropriate elements from Camões. Herman Melville's reading of Camões bore fruit in his career-long borrowings from the Portuguese poet. Longfellow, T.W. Higginson, and Emily Dickinson read and championed Camões. And Camões as epicist and love poet is an éminence grise in several of Elizabeth Bishop's strongest Brazilian poems. Southern African writers have interpreted and reinterpreted Adamastor, Camões's Spirit of the Cape, as both a symbol of a dangerous and mysterious Africa and an emblem of European imperialism. Recognizing the presence of Camões leads Monteiro to provocative rereadings of such texts as Dickinson's "Master" letters, Poe's "Raven," Melville's late poetry, and Bishop's Questions of Travel.

The Presence of Camões: Influences on the Literature of England, America, and Southern Africa (Studies In Romance Languages)

Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) is perhaps the most engaging of the great Western modernists of this century. Born in Portugal but raised and educated in southern Africa, Pessoa wrote poetry, fiction, and nonfiction. George Monteiro provides refreshingly new interpretations of Pessoa's Mensagem (Message) and the modernist novella 0 Banqueiro Anarquista (The Anarchist Banker). But he is primarily interested in tracing Pessoa's influence on a wide range of contemporary writers. Among those Monteiro finds putting Pessoa's work to their own surprising―and sometimes comic―uses are Joyce Carol Oates, Allen Ginsberg, John Wain, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and earlier poets including Thomas Merton, Edouard Roditi, and Roy Campbell. In addition, the complete text of Campbell's pioneering biocritical study of Pessoa is published here for the first time.

The Presence of Pessoa: English, American, and Southern African Literary Responses (Studies In Romance Languages)

Both in his own poetry and the poetry he attributed to his other identities, the modernist poet Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) was strongly influenced by British and American 19th-century writers. This work analyzes Pessoa's intertextual links to his English-language predecessors.

Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Literature (Studies in Romance Languages)

Man Who Never Was : Essays on Fernando Pessoa

Gavea-Brown Pubns

Fernando Pessoa: Self-Analysis and Thirty Other Poems

Poetry

George Monteiro never intended to write a memoir. But as the stories, poems, and sketches about his childhood in a Depression-Era New England mill town began to pile up, he found that he was writing a composite memoir of Valley Falls, Rhode Island and its Portuguese American community. Like his parents, many of these people had emigrated from rural Portugal to find work in the textile mills and build a life more hopeful and prosperous than the one they had left behind. Through its various forms of expression, this memoir seeks to understand Francisco and Augusta Monteiro, who found a life that was more difficult than they expected. But it also paints a vivid picture of the colorful characters whose varied adaptations to American life made the Portuguese community of Valley Falls both a unique environment in which to grow and one that is familiar to everyone in this nation of immigrants.

38 School Street: A Memoir

Community & Culture

Bricktop Hill Books

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Books by Monteiro, George