The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the single largest funder of health research in the United States, and research it has supported has been pivotal to the explosion of biomedical knowledge over the past century. As NIH's success has grown, so has pressure from advocacy groups and other members of the public to devote more spending to their health concerns. In response to a request from Congress, this IOM study reviewed NIH's research priority-setting process and made recommendations for possible improvement. The committee considered the: Factors and criteria used by NIH to make funding allocations. <ul>
<li>Process by which the funding decisions are made.</li> <li>Mechanisms for public input.</li> <li>Impact of congressional statutory directives on funding decisions.</li> </ul>
Among other recommendations, the book recommends that NIH seek broader public input on decisions about how to spend its nearly $14 billion budget; it also urged the agency to create new Offices of Public Liaison in the Office of the Director and in each of the 21 research institutes to allow interested people to formally take part in the process. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Criteria for Priority Setting</li>
<li>Priority-Setting Process</li>
<li>Mechanisms for Public Input</li>
<li>Congressional Role</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendixes</li>
<li>A Federal Advisory Committees of the National Institutes of Health</li>
<li>B Acknowledgments</li>
<li>C National Institutes of Health Funding Tables</li>
<li>D Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Priority Setting and Public Input at the National Institutes of Health

Medical Books

Medicine, Institute of

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Committee on the NIH Research Priority-Setting Process

Administration & Medicine Economics

National Academies Press

In 1997, the Institute of Medicine published a report entitled Non-Heart- Beating Organ Transplantation: Medical and Ethical Issues in Procurement. The findings and recommendations of that study defined the ethical and scientific basis for non-heart-beating organ donation and transplantation, and provided specific recommendations for practices that affirm patient welfare, promote patient and family choice, and avoid conflicts of interest. Following the 1997 study, the Department of Health and Human Services requested a follow up study to promote such efforts. The central activity for this study was a workshop held in Washington, D.C., on May 24-25, 1999. The workshop provided the opportunity for extensive dialogue on non-heart-beating organ donation among hospitals and organ procurement organizations (OPOs) that are actively involved in non-heartbeating organ and tissue donation and those with concerns about whether and how to proceed. The findings and recommendations of this report are based in large measure on the discussions and insights from that workshop. Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation includes seven recommendations for developing and implementing non-heart-beating-donor protocols. These recommendations were based on the findings and recommendations from the 1997 IOM report and consensus achieved among participants at the national workshop. The committee developed these recommendations as steps towards an approach to non-heart-beating-donor organ donation and procurement consistent with underlying scientific and ethical guidelines, patient and family options and choices, and public trust in organ donation. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Background and Current Practices</li>
<li>2 Non-Heart-Beating Donation and End-of-Life Care</li>
<li>3 Patient- and Family-Centered Donation</li>
<li>4 Non-Heart-Beating Donation Protocols: Content</li>
<li>5 Protocol Development and Implementation</li>
<li>6 A Research Agenda for Non-Heart-Beating Organ and Tissue Donation</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>APPENDIX A Statement of Task</li>
<li>APPENDIX B Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>APPENDIX C Workshop Participants</li>
<li>APPENDIX D Bill of Rights for Donor Families National Kidney Foundation</li>
<li>APPENDIX E Sample Family Information Brochure</li>
<li>APPENDIX F Non-Heart-Beating Donation Protocols</li>
</ul>

Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation: Practice and Protocols

Institute of Medicine (U. S.)

Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections: Challenges and Opportunities for Strengthening Surveillance, Research, and Prevention Jonathan R. Davis, Editor; Based on a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections, Institute of Medicine This workshop summary report from the IOM Forum on Emerging Infections, Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections: Challenges and Opportunities for Strenghening Surveillance, Research and Prevention This book examines how the managed care revolution has created both problems and opportunities in the fight against infectious diseases. It highlights ways in which managed care systems can aid research, develop clinical guidelines, manage the use of antibiotics, support public education efforts, and monitor the spread of emerging infections and microbial resistance. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Conducting Basic and Clinical Research in the Managed Care Setting</li>
<li>3 Clinical Practice Guidelines</li>
<li>4 Surveillance and Monitoring</li>
<li>5 Education and Outreach</li>
<li>6 Drug Formularies</li>
<li>7 Concluding Remarks</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Veterans Health Administration and Infectious Disease</li>
<li>Appendix B: Glossary and Acronyms</li>
<li>Appendix C: Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D: Forum Member and Staff Biographies</li>
</ul>

Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections: Challenges and Opportunities for Strengthening Surveillance, Research, and Prevention

Based on a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections

Infections, Based on a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging

Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery-exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled-how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Occupational Safety and Health Professionals</li>
<li>3 The Changing Workforce</li>
<li>4 The Changing Workplace</li>
<li>5 The Changing Organization of Work</li>
<li>6 The Changing Delivery of Health Care</li>
<li>7 Education and Training Programs</li>
<li>8 Alternatives to Traditional Classrooms</li>
<li>9 Summary of Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Appendix B Statement on Committee Composition by Committee Member James A. Oppold</li>
<li>Appendix C Significant Events in the History of Occupational Safety and Health</li>
<li>Appendix D Locations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Education and Research Centers (ERCs) and Training Program Grants (TPGs)</li>
</ul>

Safe Work in the 21st Century

Business & Money

National Academy Press

Safety, Committee to Assess Training Needs for Occupational

States, Health Personnel Safety in the United

Economics

Tuberculosis emerged as an epidemic in the 1600s, began to decline as sanitation improved in the 19th century, and retreated further when effective therapy was developed in the 1950s. TB was virtually forgotten until a recent resurgence in the U.S. and around the world-ominously, in forms resistant to commonly used medicines. What must the nation do to eliminate TB? The distinguished committee from the Institute of Medicine offers recommendations in the key areas of epidemiology and prevention, diagnosis and treatment, funding and organization of public initiatives, and the U.S. role worldwide. The panel also focuses on how to mobilize policy makers and the public to effective action. The book provides important background on the pathology of tuberculosis, its history and status in the U.S., and the public and private response. The committee explains how the U.S. can act with both self-interest and humanitarianism in addressing the worldwide incidence of TB. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Fundamentals of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Control</li>
<li>2 The Current Situation and How We Got Here</li>
<li>3 Tuberculosis Elimination and the Changing Role of Tuberculosis Control Programs</li>
<li>4 Advancing Toward Elimination</li>
<li>5 Developing the Tools for Tuberculosis Elimination</li>
<li>6 The U.S. Role in Global Tuberculosis Control</li>
<li>7 Mobilizing for Elimination</li>
<li>Appendix A Statement of Task</li>
<li>Appendix B Public Session Agendas</li>
<li>Appendix C Site Visit Summaries</li>
<li>Appendix D Role of Public Health Laboratories in the Control of Tuberculosis</li>
<li>Appendix E Estimating the Number of Tuberculosis Cases That Can Be Prevented by a Program of Screening and Preventive Therapy of Newly Arrived Immigrants to the United States from Countries with a High Rate of Tuberculosis a</li>
<li>Appendix F Approval Dates for Existing and Prospects for Development of New Antituberculosis Drugs and Vaccines</li>
<li>Appendix G Committee Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Ending Neglect: The Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States

Committee on the Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States

Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

States, Committee on Tuberculosis Elimination in the United

Calling the Shots examines the basic strategies that finance the national immunization system in the current health care climate. It is a comprehensive volume, rich with data and highlighted examples, that explores: <ul>
<li>The evolution of the system in light of changing U.S. demographics, development of new vaccines, and other factors.</li> <li>The effectiveness of public health and health insurance strategies, with special emphasis on the performance of the "Section 317" program .</li> <li>The condition of the infrastructure for control and prevention of infectious disease, surveillance of vaccines rates and safety, and efforts to sustain high coverage.</li> </ul>
Calling the Shots will be an indispensable resource to those responsible for maintaining our nation's vaccine vigilance. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>Change and Complexity in the National Immunization System</li>
<li>Financing Vaccine Purchase and Delivery</li>
<li>Building, Monitoring, and Sustaining Immunization Capacity</li>
<li>Immunization Finance Policies and Practices</li>
<li>Summary Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Appendix A: Public Health Services Act, Section 317</li>
<li>Appendix B: Immunization Time-Line</li>
<li>Appendix C: List of Contributors</li>
<li>Appendix D: Overview of State Survey</li>
<li>Appendix E: Overview of Case Studies and Site Visits</li>
<li>Appendix F: Annual Section 317 Awards to States</li>
<li>Appendix G: State Immunization Requirements for School Children</li>
<li>Appendix H: Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices

Science & Math

Committee on Immunization Finance Policies and Practices

Division of Health Care Services and Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Practices

Policies, Committee on Immunization Finance

Biological Sciences

Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: <ul>
<li>What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of health-including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more.</li> <li>What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations?</li> <li>How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application?</li> </ul> Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Biobehavioral Factors in Health and Disease</li>
<li>3 Behavioral Risk Factors</li>
<li>4 Social Risk Factors</li>
<li>5 Individuals and Families: Models and Interventions</li>
<li>6 Organizations, Communities, and Society: Models and Interventions</li>
<li>7 Evaluating and Disseminating Intervention Research</li>
<li>8 Findings and Recommendations</li>
<li>Appendix A: Workshop on Health, Communications, and Behavior</li>
<li>Appendix B: Consultants</li>
<li>Index</li>
</ul>

Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences

Health, Fitness & Dieting

Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health

Committee on Health and Behavior: Research

Practice and Policy

Health, Committee on

Behavior

Psychology & Counseling

The need for quality improvement and for cost saving are driving both individual choices and health system dynamics. The health services research that we need to support informed choices depends on access to data, but at the same time, individual privacy and patient-health care provider confidentiality must be protected. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 Human Subjects Protection and Health Services Research in Federal Regulations</li>
<li>3 Best Practices for IRB Review of Health Services Research Subject to Federal Regulations</li>
<li>4 Best Practices for IRB or Other Review Board Oversight of Health Services Research Not Necessarily Subject to Federal Regulations</li>
<li>5 Recommendations for Next Steps</li>
<li>References</li>
<li>Acronyms and Abbreviations</li>
<li>Appendix A Study Activities</li>
<li>Appendix B Institutional Review Boards and Health Services Research Data Privacy: A Workshop Summary</li>
<li>Appendix C Protecting the Health Services Research Data of Minors</li>
<li>Appendix D Confidentiality of Health Information: International Comparative Approaches</li>
<li>Appendix E Biographical Sketches</li>
</ul>

Protecting Data Privacy in Health Services Research

Politics & Social Sciences

Division of Health Care Services

Committee on the Role of Institutional Review Boards in Health Services Research Data Privacy Protection

Philosophy

Since the Gulf War ended in 1991, various constituencies, including a significant number of veterans, speculate that unidentified risk factors led to chronic, medically unexplained illnesses, and these constituencies challenge the depth of the military's commitment to protect the health of deployed troops. Despite general concurrence in findings to support these claims, few changes have been made at the field level. The most important recommendations remain unimplemented, despite the compelling rationale for urgent action. Protecting Those Who Serve illuminates these recommendations and government-developed plans that remain inactive due to a lack of authority within the Department of Defense, while describing the dangers that may result from failure to protect our forces in the field.

Protecting Those Who Serve: Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces

Technology

Brain disordersâ€"neurological, psychiatric, and developmentalâ€"now affect at least 250 million people in the developing world, and this number is expected to rise as life expectancy increases. Yet public and private health systems in developing countries have paid relatively little attention to brain disorders. The negative attitudes, prejudice, and stigma that often surround many of these disorders have contributed to this neglect. Lacking proper diagnosis and treatment, millions of individual lives are lost to disability and death. Such conditions exact both personal and economic costs on families, communities, and nations. The report describes the causes and risk factors associated with brain disorders. It focuses on six representative brain disorders that are prevalent in developing countries: developmental disabilities, epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and stroke. The report makes detailed recommendations of ways to reduce the toll exacted by these six disorders. In broader strokes, the report also proposes six major strategies toward reducing the overall burden of brain disorders in the developing world. Table of Contents <ul>
<li>Front Matter</li>
<li>Executive Summary</li>
<li>1 Introduction</li>
<li>2 The Magnitude of the Problem</li>
<li>3 Integrating Care of Brain Disorders into Health Care Systems</li>
<li>4 Findings and Future Strategies</li>
<li>5 Developmental Disabilities</li>
<li>6 Epilepsy</li>
<li>7 Schizophrenia</li>
<li>8 Bipolar Disorder</li>
<li>9 Depression</li>
<li>10 Stroke</li>
<li>Epilogue</li>
<li>Appendix A The Study Approach</li>
<li>Appendix B Measurement Issues in Calculating the Global Burden of Disease</li>
<li>Appendix C Workshop Agenda</li>
<li>Appendix D Economic Analysis</li>
<li>Appendix E Committee and Staff Biographies</li>
<li>Glossary</li>
<li>Acronyms</li>
</ul>

Neurological, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders

Board on Global Health

Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries

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