A distributed algorithm is an algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected processors. Distributed algorithms are used in many varied application areas of distributed computing, such as telecommunications, scientific computing, distributed information processing, and real-time process control. Standard problems solved by distributed algorithms include leader election, consensus, distributed search, spanning tree generation, mutual exclusion, and resource allocation.Distributed algorithms are typically executed concurrently, with separate parts of the algorithm being run simultaneously on independent processors, and having limited information about what the other parts of the algorithm are doing. One of the major challenges in developing and implementing distributed algorithms is successfully coordinating the behavior of the independent parts of the algorithm in the face of processor failures and unreliable communications links. The choice of an appropriate distributed algorithm to solve a given problem depends on both the characteristics of the problem, and characteristics of the system the algorithm will run on such as the type and probability of processor or link failures, the kind of inter-process communication that can be performed, and the level of timing synchronization between separate processes.

Distributed Algorithms

Computers & Technology

Lynch, Nancy

Networking & Cloud Computing

ELSEVIER INDIA

Financial Accounting: A Business Process Approach explains accounting concepts in a way all readers can understand by organizing the material around how a business works. Business: What’s It All About?; Qualities of Accounting Information; Accruals and Deferrals: Timing Is Everything in Accounting; Payment for Goods and Services: Cash and Accounts Receivable; The Purchase and Sale of Inventory; Acquisition and Use of Long-Term Assets; Accounting for Liabilities; Accounting for Shareholders’ Equity; Preparing and Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows; Using Financial Statement Analysis to Evaluate Firm Performance; Quality of Earnings, Corporate Governance, and IFRS

Study Guide and PowerNotes for Financial Accounting: A Business Process Approach

Business & Money

Reimers, Jane L.

Accounting

Pearson

This monograph presents the Timed Input/Output Automaton (TIOA) modeling framework, a basic mathematical framework to support description and analysis of timed (computing) systems. Timed systems are systems in which desirable correctness or performance properties of the system depend on the timing of events, not just on the order of their occurrence. Timed systems are employed in a wide range of domains including communications, embedded systems, real-time operating systems, and automated control. Many applications involving timed systems have strong safety, reliability, and predictability requirements, which make it important to have methods for systematic design of systems and rigorous analysis of timing-dependent behavior. The TIOA framework also supports description and analysis of timed distributed algorithms -- distributed algorithms whose correctness and performance depend on the relative speeds of processors, accuracy of local clocks, or communication delay bounds. Such algorithms arise, for example, in traditional and wireless communications, networks of mobile devices, and shared-memory multiprocessors. The need to prove rigorous theoretical results about timed distributed algorithms makes it important to have a suitable mathematical foundation. An important feature of the TIOA framework is its support for decomposing timed system descriptions. In particular, the framework includes a notion of external behavior for a timed I/O automaton, which captures its discrete interactions with its environment. The framework also defines what it means for one TIOA to implement another, based on an inclusion relationship between their external behavior sets, and defines notions of simulations, which provide sufficient conditions for demonstrating implementation relationships. The framework includes a composition operation for TIOAs, which respects external behavior, and a notion of receptiveness, which implies that a TIOA does not block the passage of time. The TIOA framework also defines the notion of a property and what it means for a property to be a safety or a liveness property. It includes results that capture common proof methods for showing that automata satisfy properties. Table of Contents: Introduction / Mathematical Preliminaries / Describing Timed System Behavior / Timed Automata / Operations on Timed Automata / Properties for Timed Automata / Timed I/O Automata / Operations on Timed I/O Automata / Conclusions and Future Work

The Theory of Timed I/O Automata, Second Edition (Synthesis Lectures on Distributed Computing Theory, 5)

Kaynar, Dilsun

Segala, Roberto

Vaandrager, Frits

Computer Science

Morgan & Claypool Publishers

Quivey's Grove, in Madison, Wisconsin, is one of mid-America's premier restaurants, a favorite of area residents and of thousands who visit the region each year. This volume, written by veteran cookbook author Margaret Guthrie, shares both the favorite recipes and the fascinating history of the restaurant, while affording a glimpse into Wisconsin's rich culinary past. It will be treasured not only for its useful recipes, all of which have been home-tested, but also as a celebration of Wisconsin itself. As the menu say, "Other restaurants are in Wisconsin. Quivey's Grove is Wisconsin."

Quivey's Grove Heritage Cookbook

Cookbooks, Food & Wine

Guthrie, Margaret

Cooking Education & Reference

Prairie Oak Pr

This monograph presents the Timed Input/Output Automaton (TIOA) modeling framework, a basic mathematical framework to support description and analysis of timed (computing) systems. Timed systems are systems in which desirable correctness or performance properties of the system depend on the timing of events, not just on the order of their occurrence. Timed systems are employed in a wide range of domains including communications, embedded systems, real-time operating systems, and automated control. Many applications involving timed systems have strong safety, reliability, and predictability requirements, which make it important to have methods for systematic design of systems and rigorous analysis of timing-dependent behavior. The TIOA framework also supports description and analysis of timed distributed algorithms -- distributed algorithms whose correctness and performance depend on the relative speeds of processors, accuracy of local clocks, or communication delay bounds. Such algorithms arise, for example, in traditional and wireless communications, networks of mobile devices, and shared-memory multiprocessors. The need to prove rigorous theoretical results about timed distributed algorithms makes it important to have a suitable mathematical foundation.An important feature of the TIOA framework is its support for decomposing timed system descriptions. In particular, the framework includes a notion of external behavior for a timed I/O automaton, which captures its discrete interactions with its environment. The framework also defines what it means for one TIOA to implement another, based on an inclusion relationship between their external behavior sets, and defines notions of simulations, which provide sufficient conditions for demonstrating implementation relationships. The framework includes a composition operation for TIOAs, which respects external behavior, and a notion of receptiveness, which implies that a TIOA does not block the passage of time.The TIOA framework also defines the notion of a property and what it means for a property to be a safety or a liveness property. It includes results that capture common proof methods for showing that automata satisfy properties.Table of Contents: Introduction / Mathematical Preliminaries / Describing Timed System Behavior / Timed Automata / Operations on Timed Automata / Properties for Timed Automata / Timed I/O Automata / Operations on Timed I/O Automata / Conclusions and Future Work

The Theory of Timed I/O Automata, Second Edition (Synthesis Lectures on Distributed Computing Theory)

Springer

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