"Congressional Authorizations and Appropriations" is part of the Government Series from TheCapitol.Net A primary avenue for exercising Congress's power of the purse is the authorization and appropriation of federal spending to carry out government activities. While the power over appropriations is granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution, the authorization appropriation process is derived from House and Senate rules. The formal process consists of two sequential steps: (1) enactment of an authorization measure that may create or continue an agency or program as well as authorize the subsequent enactment of appropriations; and (2) enactment of appropriations to provide funds for the authorized agency or program. Summary of Contents Ch. 1. Overview of the Authorization-Appropriations Process, by Bill Heniff Jr Ch. 2. The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction, by Sandy Streeter Ch. 3. Supplemental Appropriations: Trends and Budgetary Impacts Since 1981, by Thomas L. Hungerford Ch. 4. Examples of Legislative Provisions in Annual Appropriations Acts, by Robert Keith Ch. 5. Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member and Committee Requirements, by Megan Suzanne Lynch Ch. 6. Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements, by Megan Suzanne Lynch Ch. 7. House and Senate Procedural Rules Concerning Earmark Disclosure, by Sandy Streeter Ch. 8. "Federal Budget Process," by Bill Heniff Jr. and Robert Keith, Ch. 9 in the Congressional Deskbook Ch. 9. Other Resources From TheCapitol.Net Live Courses Capitol Hill Workshop www.CapitolHillWorkshop.com Understanding Congressional Budgeting and Appropriations www.CongressionalBudgeting.com Advanced Federal Budget Process www.BudgetProcess.com The President's Budget www.PresidentsBudget.com The Defense Budget www.TheDefenseBudget.com Capitol Learning Audio Courses TM www.CapitolLearning.com The Appropriations Process in a Nutshell, ISBN: 1587330431 Authorizations and Appropriations in a Nutshell, ISBN: 1587330296 Ch. 10. Other Resources Complete Table of Contents at www.1824aa.com

Congressional Authorizations and Appropriations: How Congress Exercises the Power of the Purse Through Authorizing Legislation, Appropriations Measure

Heniff, Bill

Streeter, Sandy

Administrative Law

TheCapitol.Net, Inc.

Budgeting for the federal government is an enormously complex process. It entails dozens of subprocesses, countless rules and procedures, the efforts of tens of thousands of staff persons in the executive and legislative branches, and the active participation of the President, congressional leaders, Members of Congress, and members of the executive branch. This analysis shows the various elements of the federal budget process including the President's budget submission, framework, timetable, the budget resolution, reconciliation, the "Byrd Rule," appropriations, authorizations, and budget execution.
Congress is distinguished from nearly every other legislature in the world by the control it exercises over fashioning the government's budgetary policies. This power, referred to as "the power of the purse," ensures Congress' primary role in setting revenue and borrowing policies for the federal government and in determining how these resources are spent.
The congressional power of the purse derives from several key provisions in the Constitution. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 (Power to tax and spend) declares in part that Congress shall have the power to raise (that is, "to lay and collect") revenues of various types, including taxes and duties, among other things. 
 Article I, Section 8, Clause 2 (Borrowing power) declares that the power to borrow funds "on the credit of the United States" belongs to Congress. In addition to its powers regarding revenues and borrowing, Congress exerts control over the expenditure of funds.
 Article I, Section 9, Clause 7 declares in part that funds can be withdrawn from the Treasury only pursuant to laws that make appropriations.
Under the Constitution, revenue measures must originate in the House of Representatives. Beyond this requirement, however, the Constitution does not prescribe how the House and Senate should organize themselves, or the procedures they should use, to conduct budgeting. Over the years, however, both chambers have developed an extensive set of rules (some set forth in statute) and precedents that lay out complicated, multiple processes for making budgetary decisions. The House and Senate have also created an intricate committee system to support these processes.
As American society has grown and become ever more complex, and as the role of the federal government in the national economy has steadily expanded, Congress also has increasingly shared power over budgetary matters with the president and the executive branch. It has refashioned the president's role in budgeting by requiring him to submit to Congress each year a budget for the entire federal government and giving him responsibilities for monitoring agencies' implementation of spending and revenue laws. Accordingly, the president also exercises considerable influence over key budget decisions.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Custom On-Site Training Understanding Congressional Budgeting and Appropriations, TCNUCBA.com Advanced Federal Budget Process, TCNAFBP.com Congressional Dynamics and the Legislative Process, TCNCDLP.com Capitol Learning Audio Courses TM Appropriations Process in a Nutshell with James Saturno, ISBN 1-58733-043-1 Authorizations and Appropriations in a Nutshell with James Saturno, ISBN 1-58733-029-6 The Federal Budget Process with Philip Joyce, ISBN 1-58733-083-0
For a detailed Table of Contents, see www.FederalBudgetProcess.com

The Federal Budget Process 2e: A Description of the Federal and Congressional Budget Processes, including Timelines

Business & Money

Lynch, Megan

Economics

TheCapitol.Net

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