The Lure of Peru: Maritime Intrusion Into the South Sea, 1598-1701

History

Bradley, Peter T

Americas

Macmillan

Spanish: An Essential Grammar (Routledge Essential Grammars)

Spanish: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of Spanish. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Spanish in short, readable sections, and explanations are clear and free from jargon. The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Spanish. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include: * clear distinctions between the essential and basic aspects of Spanish grammar and those that are more complex * full use of authentic examples * easy to understand explanations of areas that customarily pose problems for English speakers * detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.

Politics & Social Sciences

MacKenzie, Ian

Social Sciences

Routledge

Reference

Foreign Language Study & Reference

Spanish: An Essential Grammar

A history of European expeditions to Peru beginning with the arrival of the Dutch in the late 16th century and discussing the subsequent English and French adventurers up until 1701.

The Lure of Peru: Maritime Intrusion into the South Sea, 1598–1701

PALGRAVE~MACMILLAN

A study of how the coast and commerce of the Viceroyalty of Peru, from Chile to Ecuador, was defended against foreign intruders from the time of Francis Drake (1579) to the early 18th-c. The Armada del Mar del Sur carried silver to Panama, but also patrolled coastlines, offered protection to ports, and challenged interlopers. The dimensions, traits and guns of its vessels are studied, and its reliance on local expertise, manpower, and private investment in place of support from the Spanish crown. On land the book studies the construction and arming of fortifications at Callao, Guayaquil, Trujillo, and Valdivia, private initiatives at Arica, Pisco and Paita, the creation of the paid Callao presidio, and the formation and training of local militias in Lima. These processes are set against royal refusals to tolerate lower silver shipments from Peru to Spain caused by higher defence costs, and the strengthening of a local, Peruvian identity through military self-reliance in defence of local and royal interests.

Spain and the Defence of Peru, 1579-1700

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Books by Bradley, Peter T